BOOKS - After Violence: Russia's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Followed
After Violence: Russia
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After Violence: Russia's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Followed
Author: Debra Javeline
Year: February 15, 2021
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 18 MB
Language: English



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After Violence: Russia's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Followed On September 1, 2004, one of the most appalling acts of terrorism in Russian history occurred when a school in Beslan, North Ossetia was seized by terrorists, resulting in the deaths of over 300 people, including children, parents, and teachers. The mass hostage-taking left hundreds more seriously wounded and severely traumatized. This event was widely predicted to provoke a spiral of retaliatory ethnic violence in the North Caucasus, where the act of terror was embedded in a larger context of ongoing conflict between Ossetians, Ingush, and Chechens. However, instead of fueling violence, the hostage taking triggered unprecedented peaceful political activism on a scale not seen anywhere else in Russia. Beslan activists challenged authorities, endured official harassment, and won a historic victory against the Russian state in the European Court of Human Rights.
After Violence: Russia's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Followed 1 сентября 2004 года один из самых ужасных актов терроризма в истории России произошел, когда школа в Беслане, Северная Осетия, была захвачена террористами, в результате чего погибли более 300 человек, включая детей, родителей и учителей. В результате массового захвата заложников остались еще сотни тяжелораненых и тяжело травмированных. Широко предсказывалось, что это событие спровоцирует спираль ответного этнического насилия на Северном Кавказе, где террористический акт был встроен в более широкий контекст продолжающегося конфликта между осетинами, ингушами и чеченцами. Однако вместо того, чтобы подпитывать насилие, захват заложников вызвал беспрецедентный мирный политический активизм в масштабах, невиданных больше нигде в России. Бесланские активисты бросали вызов властям, терпели официальные преследования и одержали историческую победу над российским государством в Европейском суде по правам человека.
After Violence : Russie's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Followed 1er septembre 2004, l'un des actes de terrorisme les plus horribles de l'histoire russe a eu lieu lorsque l'école de Beslan, en Ossétie du Nord, a été capturée par des terroristes, tuant plus de 300 personnes, dont des enfants, des parents et des enseignants. La prise massive d'otages a laissé des centaines d'autres blessés graves et gravement traumatisés. Il a été largement prédit que cet événement déclencherait une spirale de violence ethnique réciproque dans le nord du Caucase, où l'acte terroriste s'inscrivait dans le contexte plus large du conflit en cours entre les Ossètes, les Ingouches et les Tchétchènes. Mais au lieu d'alimenter la violence, la prise d'otages a provoqué un activisme politique pacifique sans précédent à une échelle jamais vue ailleurs en Russie. s militants de Beslan ont défié les autorités, ont subi des persécutions officielles et ont remporté une victoire historique sur l'État russe devant la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme.
After Violence: Masacre de la Escuela Beslan de Rusia y la Paz que siguió 1 de septiembre de 2004, uno de los más terribles actos de terrorismo en la historia de Rusia ocurrió cuando una escuela en Beslan, Osetia del Norte, fue capturada por terroristas, matando a más de 300 personas, incluidos niños Padres y maestros. La toma masiva de rehenes dejó a otros cientos de heridos graves y gravemente traumatizados. Se predijo ampliamente que el evento desencadenaría una espiral de violencia étnica recíproca en el Cáucaso Norte, donde el ataque terrorista se insertó en el contexto más amplio del conflicto en curso entre osetios, ingush y chechenos. n embargo, en lugar de alimentar la violencia, la toma de rehenes provocó un activismo político pacífico sin precedentes a una escala nunca vista en ningún otro lugar de Rusia. activistas de Beslan desafiaron a las autoridades, toleraron la persecución oficial y obtuvieron una victoria histórica sobre el Estado ruso ante el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.
After Violence: Rússia 's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Followed em 1º de setembro de 2004, um dos mais terríveis atos de terrorismo da história da Rússia ocorreu quando uma escola em Beslan, na Ossétia do Norte, foi invadida por terroristas, matando mais de 300 pessoas, incluindo crianças, pais e professores. A tomada em massa de reféns deixou centenas de feridos graves e gravemente feridos. Era amplamente previsto que o evento desencadearia uma espiral de violência étnica retaliação no Cáucaso do Norte, onde o ataque terrorista foi incorporado a um contexto mais amplo de conflito entre ossetas, ingás e chechenos. No entanto, em vez de alimentar a violência, a tomada de reféns provocou um ativismo político pacífico sem precedentes, em uma escala nunca vista em nenhum outro lugar da Rússia. Os ativistas de Beslan desafiaram as autoridades, perseguiram formalmente e derrotaram o estado russo no Tribunal Europeu de Direitos Humanos.
After Violence: Russia's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Followed Il primo settembre 2004 uno dei peggiori atti terroristici della storia russa avvenne quando una scuola di Beslan, in Ossezia settentrionale, fu conquistata dai terroristi, uccidendo oltre 300 persone, tra cui bambini, genitori e insegnanti. Il massiccio sequestro di ostaggi ha lasciato centinaia di feriti gravi e gravemente feriti. Era stato ampiamente previsto che questo evento avrebbe innescato una spirale di violenza etnica nel Caucaso settentrionale, dove l'attacco terroristico era stato inserito in un contesto più ampio di conflitto in corso tra osseti, ingusi e ceceni. Ma invece di alimentare la violenza, la presa di ostaggi ha scatenato un attivismo politico pacifico senza precedenti, mai visto prima in Russia. Gli attivisti di Beslan hanno sfidato le autorità, sono stati perseguitati formalmente e hanno ottenuto una vittoria storica contro lo stato russo davanti alla Corte europea dei diritti umani.
Nach Gewalt: Russlands Beslan-Schule Massaker und der Friede folgten Am 1. September 2004 ereignete sich einer der schrecklichsten Terrorakte in der Geschichte Russlands, als eine Schule in Beslan, Nordossetien, von Terroristen überfallen wurde. Dabei starben mehr als 300 Menschen, darunter Kinder, Eltern und hrer. Infolge der massenhaften Geiselnahme blieben noch Hunderte Schwerverletzte und Schwerverletzte zurück. Es wurde allgemein vorausgesagt, dass dieses Ereignis eine Spirale der gegenseitigen ethnischen Gewalt im Nordkaukasus auslösen würde, wo der Terrorakt in den breiteren Kontext des anhaltenden Konflikts zwischen Osseten, Inguschen und Tschetschenen eingebettet war. Anstatt jedoch die Gewalt zu schüren, hat die Geiselnahme einen beispiellosen friedlichen politischen Aktivismus in einem Ausmaß ausgelöst, das nirgendwo sonst in Russland zu sehen ist. Die Beslaner Aktivisten forderten die Behörden heraus, duldeten offizielle Verfolgung und errangen vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte einen historischen eg über den russischen Staat.
אחרי האלימות: טבח בית הספר בסלן של רוסיה והשלום שבא בעקבותיו ב-1 בספטמבר 2004, אחד ממעשי הטרור החמורים ביותר בהיסטוריה הרוסית התרחש כאשר בית ספר בבסלאן, צפון אוסטיה, נחטף על ידי טרוריסטים, והרג יותר מ-300 אנשים, כולל ילדים, הורים ומורים. כתוצאה של לקיחת בני ערובה המונית, מאות נוספים נותרו פצועים קשה ופצועים קשה. האירוע היה צפוי באופן נרחב לעורר ספירלה של אלימות אתנית תגמול בצפון הקווקז, שם התקפת הטרור הייתה נעוצה בהקשר הרחב יותר של הסכסוך המתמשך בין אוסטים, אינגוש וצ 'צ'נים. אולם במקום לתדלק את האלימות, נטילת בני הערובה עוררה אקטיביזם פוליטי שקט וחסר תקדים בקנה מידה שלא נראה בשום מקום אחר ברוסיה. פעילי בסלן יצאו נגד הרשויות, סבלו מרדיפות רשמיות וזכו בניצחון היסטורי על המדינה הרוסית בבית הדין האירופי לזכויות אדם.''
After Violence: Russia's Beslan School Massacre and the Peace that Following 1 Eylül 2004'te, Rus tarihinin en kötü terör eylemlerinden biri, Kuzey Osetya'nın Beslan kentindeki bir okulun teröristler tarafından kaçırılması ve çocuklar, ebeveynler ve öğretmenler de dahil olmak üzere 300'den fazla kişinin öldürülmesiyle gerçekleşti. Kitlesel rehine alımının bir sonucu olarak, yüzlerce kişi ciddi şekilde yaralandı ve yaralandı. Olayın, terörist saldırının Osetyalılar, İnguşlar ve Çeçenler arasında devam eden çatışmanın daha geniş bağlamında yer aldığı Kuzey Kafkasya'da misilleme etnik şiddet sarmalını tetiklemesi yaygın olarak tahmin edildi. Bununla birlikte, şiddeti körüklemek yerine, rehin alma, Rusya'da başka hiçbir yerde görülmeyen bir ölçekte benzeri görülmemiş barışçıl siyasi aktivizme yol açtı. Beslan aktivistleri yetkililere meydan okudu, resmi zulme maruz kaldı ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi'nde Rus devletine karşı tarihi bir zafer kazandı.
بعد العنف: مذبحة مدرسة بيسلان الروسية والسلام الذي أعقب ذلك في 1 سبتمبر 2004، حدث أحد أسوأ أعمال الإرهاب في التاريخ الروسي عندما اختطف الإرهابيون مدرسة في بيسلان، أوسيتيا الشمالية، مما أسفر عن مقتل أكثر من 300 شخص، بما في ذلك الأطفال والآباء والمعلمين. ونتيجة للأخذ الجماعي للرهائن، أصيب مئات آخرون بجروح خطيرة وأصيبوا بجروح خطيرة. كان من المتوقع على نطاق واسع أن يؤدي هذا الحدث إلى دوامة من العنف العرقي الانتقامي في شمال القوقاز، حيث كان الهجوم الإرهابي جزءًا لا يتجزأ من السياق الأوسع للصراع المستمر بين الأوسيتيين والإنغوش والشيشان. لكن بدلاً من تأجيج العنف، أثار احتجاز الرهائن نشاطًا سياسيًا سلميًا غير مسبوق على نطاق لم نشهده في أي مكان آخر في روسيا. تحدى نشطاء بيسلان السلطات وعانوا من اضطهاد رسمي وحققوا انتصارًا تاريخيًا على الدولة الروسية في المحكمة الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان.
폭력 후: 러시아의 베슬란 학교 학살과 그에 따른 평화 2004 년 9 월 1 일, 북오세티아의 베슬란에있는 학교가 테러리스트들에 의해 납치되어 300 명 이상이 사망했을 때 러시아 역사상 최악의 테러 행위 중 하나가 발생했습니다. 대량 인질로 인해 수백 명이 더 심각한 부상을 입었고 심각한 부상을 입었습니다. 이 사건은 북 코카서스에서 보복 민족 폭력의 나선을 유발할 것으로 널리 예측되었으며, 테러 공격은 오세티아, 잉 구쉬, 체첸 간의 지속적인 갈등의 광범위한 맥락에 포함되었다. 그러나 인질을 잡는 것은 폭력을 불러 일으키는 대신 러시아의 다른 곳에서는 볼 수없는 규모로 전례없는 평화로운 정치 활동을 촉발시켰다. 베슬란 운동가들은 당국을 무시하고 공식적인 박해를 받았고 유럽 인권 재판소에서 러시아 국가에 대한 역사적인 승리를 거두었 다.
暴力の後:ロシアのベスラン学校虐殺とそれに続く平和20049月1日、北オセチアのベスランの学校がテロリストにハイジャックされ、子供、両親、教師を含む300人以上の人々が殺害されたとき、ロシア史上最悪のテロ行為の1つが発生しました。人質となった結果、さらに数百人が重傷を負い、重傷を負った。この出来事は北コーカサスでの報復的な民族的暴力のスパイラルを引き起こすと広く予測され、そこでテロ攻撃はオセチア人、イングーシ人、チェチェン人の間で進行中の紛争の広範な文脈に組み込まれた。しかし、人質の奪取は暴力を助長する代わりに、ロシアの他の場所では見られない規模で前例のない平和的な政治活動を引き起こしました。ベスランの活動家は当局に反抗し、公式迫害を受け、欧州人権裁判所でロシア国家に対する歴史的勝利を収めた。
暴力事件:20049月1日,俄羅斯的貝斯蘭學校大屠殺與和平遭到追究,俄羅斯歷史上最可怕的恐怖主義行為之一發生在北奧塞梯別斯蘭的一所學校被恐怖分子占領之後,造成300多人死亡,其中包括兒童、父母和教師。大規模劫持人質造成數百人重傷,重傷。人們普遍預測,這一事件將引發北高加索地區報復性種族暴力的螺旋式上升,在那裏,恐怖行為被植根於奧賽梯人,印古什人和車臣人之間持續沖突的更廣泛背景下。然而,劫持人質並沒有助長暴力,而是引發了前所未有的和平政治行動,其規模在俄羅斯其他任何地方都沒有。別斯蘭激進分子無視當局,遭受正式迫害,並在歐洲人權法院贏得了俄羅斯國家的歷史性勝利。

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