BOOKS - What is Work?: Gender at the Crossroads of Home, Family, and Business from th...
What is Work?: Gender at the Crossroads of Home, Family, and Business from the Early Modern Era to the Present - Raffaella Sarti September 21, 2018 PDF  BOOKS
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What is Work?: Gender at the Crossroads of Home, Family, and Business from the Early Modern Era to the Present
Author: Raffaella Sarti
Year: September 21, 2018
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 3.8 MB
Language: English



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The Plot: In the early modern era, work was largely defined by men, specifically white men, and was centered around physical labor and manual tasks. Women's work, such as childcare and domestic duties, was seen as less valuable and often ignored or devalued. This created a sharp divide between the public sphere of work and the private sphere of the home, with men dominating the public sphere and women confined to the private sphere. However, as technology evolved and industries developed, new forms of work emerged, such as clerical and service-oriented jobs, which were more accessible to women. This blurred the lines between work and non-work and challenged traditional gender roles. During the Industrial Revolution, factories and machines replaced many manual labor jobs, leading to new forms of employment and new forms of exploitation. Women and children were often forced into factories and sweatshops, working long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay. At the same time, middle-class women began to enter the workforce in greater numbers, taking on administrative and managerial roles. This led to new tensions and conflicts between men and women, as well as between different classes of workers. In the 20th century, the rise of feminism and other social movements challenged traditional gender roles and highlighted the injustices faced by women in the workplace. The Civil Rights Movement and other anti-discrimination efforts helped to create more opportunities for women and minorities, but also created new challenges and tensions.
В эпоху раннего Нового времени работа в значительной степени определялась мужчинами, особенно белыми мужчинами, и была сосредоточена вокруг физического труда и ручных задач. Работа женщин, такая как уход за детьми и домашние обязанности, рассматривалась как менее ценная и часто игнорировалась или обесценивалась. Это привело к резкому разрыву между государственной сферой труда и частной сферой дома, при этом мужчины доминировали в государственной сфере, а женщины ограничивались частной сферой. Однако по мере развития технологий и отраслей появились новые формы работы, такие как канцелярские и ориентированные на услуги рабочие места, которые были более доступны для женщин. Это размывало границы между работой и нерабочим днем и бросало вызов традиционным гендерным ролям. Во время промышленной революции фабрики и машины заменили многие рабочие места ручного труда, что привело к новым формам занятости и новым формам эксплуатации. Женщин и детей часто заставляли ходить на фабрики и в потогонные мастерские, работая долгие часы в опасных условиях за небольшую плату. В то же время женщины среднего класса стали в большем количестве входить в рабочую силу, беря на себя административные и управленческие роли. Это привело к новым трениям и конфликтам между мужчинами и женщинами, а также между различными классами рабочих. В XX веке рост феминизма и других социальных движений бросил вызов традиционным гендерным ролям и подчеркнул несправедливость, с которой сталкиваются женщины на рабочем месте. Движение за гражданские права и другие антидискриминационные усилия помогли создать больше возможностей для женщин и меньшинств, но также создали новые проблемы и напряженность.
Au début des temps nouveaux, le travail était largement défini par les hommes, en particulier les hommes blancs, et était centré sur le travail physique et les tâches manuelles. travail des femmes, comme les soins aux enfants et les tâches ménagères, était considéré comme moins précieux et souvent ignoré ou déprécié. Cela a conduit à un fossé spectaculaire entre la sphère du travail public et la sphère privée de la maison, les hommes dominant la sphère publique et les femmes se limitant à la sphère privée. Cependant, au fur et à mesure de l'évolution de la technologie et des industries, de nouvelles formes de travail sont apparues, comme la papeterie et les emplois axés sur les services, qui étaient plus accessibles aux femmes. Cela brouillait les frontières entre le travail et les jours de travail et remettait en question les rôles traditionnels des femmes. Au cours de la révolution industrielle, les usines et les machines ont remplacé de nombreux emplois manuels, ce qui a conduit à de nouvelles formes d'emploi et de nouvelles formes d'exploitation. s femmes et les enfants ont souvent été forcés d'aller dans les usines et les ateliers de déluge, travaillant de longues heures dans des conditions dangereuses à un petit prix. Dans le même temps, les femmes de la classe moyenne sont devenues plus nombreuses à entrer dans la main-d'œuvre en assumant des rôles administratifs et de gestion. Cela a entraîné de nouvelles tensions et de nouveaux conflits entre les hommes et les femmes, ainsi qu'entre les différentes classes de travailleurs. Au XXe siècle, la montée du féminisme et d'autres mouvements sociaux a remis en question les rôles traditionnels des femmes et souligné les injustices auxquelles sont confrontées les femmes sur le lieu de travail. mouvement des droits civiques et d'autres efforts de lutte contre la discrimination ont contribué à créer davantage de possibilités pour les femmes et les minorités, mais ont également créé de nouveaux problèmes et de nouvelles tensions.
En los primeros tiempos de los tiempos modernos, el trabajo estaba determinado en gran medida por los hombres, especialmente los blancos, y se centraba en el trabajo físico y las tareas manuales. trabajo de la mujer, como el cuidado de los hijos y las tareas domésticas, se consideraba menos valioso y a menudo se ignoraba o se depreciaba. Esto dio lugar a una abrupta brecha entre la esfera laboral pública y la esfera privada del hogar, con los hombres dominando la esfera pública y las mujeres limitándose a la esfera privada. n embargo, a medida que la tecnología y las industrias avanzaban, surgieron nuevas formas de trabajo, como la papelería y los empleos orientados a los servicios, que eran más accesibles para las mujeres. Esto diluyó los límites entre el trabajo y el día no laborable y desafió los roles de género tradicionales. Durante la revolución industrial, las fábricas y las máquinas reemplazaron muchos trabajos manuales, dando lugar a nuevas formas de empleo y nuevas formas de explotación. A menudo se obligaba a las mujeres y los niños a ir a las fábricas y a los talleres de inundación, trabajando largas horas en condiciones peligrosas por un pequeño costo. Al mismo tiempo, las mujeres de clase media han aumentado su participación en la fuerza de trabajo, asumiendo funciones administrativas y de gestión. Esto ha dado lugar a nuevas fricciones y conflictos entre hombres y mujeres, así como entre las diferentes clases de trabajadores. En el siglo XX, el aumento del feminismo y otros movimientos sociales desafió los roles de género tradicionales y puso de relieve las injusticias que enfrentan las mujeres en el lugar de trabajo. movimiento de derechos civiles y otros esfuerzos de lucha contra la discriminación han contribuido a crear más oportunidades para las mujeres y las minorías, pero también han creado nuevos problemas y tensiones.
Nell'era del Nuovo Tempo, il lavoro era in gran parte determinato da uomini, in particolare uomini bianchi, e si concentrava intorno al lavoro fisico e alle attività manuali. Il lavoro delle donne, come l'assistenza ai figli e i compiti domestici, è stato considerato meno prezioso e spesso ignorato o svalutato. Ciò ha causato un forte divario tra la sfera del lavoro pubblico e quella privata della casa, con gli uomini che dominano la sfera pubblica e le donne che si limitano alla sfera privata. Tuttavia, con l'evoluzione delle tecnologie e delle industrie, sono emerse nuove forme di lavoro, come l'ufficio e i posti di lavoro orientati ai servizi, che erano più accessibili alle donne. Questo frammentava i confini tra il lavoro e il non lavoro di giorno e sfidava i tradizionali ruoli di genere. Durante la rivoluzione industriale, le fabbriche e le macchine hanno sostituito molti posti di lavoro manuale, portando a nuove forme di occupazione e nuove forme di sfruttamento. donne e i bambini sono stati spesso costretti ad andare nelle fabbriche e nelle officine, lavorando per lunghe ore in condizioni di pericolo a pagamento. Allo stesso tempo, le donne di classe media sono diventate più numerose a entrare nella forza lavoro, assumendo ruoli amministrativi e di gestione. Ciò ha causato nuove tensioni e conflitti tra uomini e donne e tra le diverse classi di lavoratori. Nel XX secolo, la crescita del femminismo e di altri movimenti sociali ha sfidato i ruoli tradizionali di genere e sottolineato le ingiustizie che le donne affrontano sul posto di lavoro. Il movimento per i diritti civili e altri sforzi antidiscriminatori hanno contribuito a creare maggiori opportunità per le donne e le minoranze, ma hanno anche creato nuovi problemi e tensioni.
In der frühen Neuzeit wurde die Arbeit weitgehend von Männern, insbesondere weißen Männern, bestimmt und konzentrierte sich auf körperliche Arbeit und manuelle Aufgaben. Frauenarbeit, wie Kinderbetreuung und Hausarbeit, wurde als weniger wertvoll angesehen und oft ignoriert oder abgewertet. Dies führte zu einer scharfen Kluft zwischen dem öffentlichen Arbeitsbereich und dem privaten Bereich des Hauses, wobei Männer den öffentlichen Bereich dominierten und Frauen sich auf den privaten Bereich beschränkten. Mit der Entwicklung von Technologie und Industrie entstanden jedoch neue Arbeitsformen wie Büro- und dienstleistungsorientierte Arbeitsplätze, die für Frauen zugänglicher waren. Dies verwischte die Grenzen zwischen Arbeit und arbeitsfreier Zeit und stellte traditionelle Geschlechterrollen in Frage. Während der industriellen Revolution ersetzten Fabriken und Maschinen viele manuelle Arbeitsplätze, was zu neuen Beschäftigungsformen und neuen Formen der Ausbeutung führte. Frauen und Kinder wurden oft gezwungen, gegen eine geringe Gebühr in Fabriken und Sweatshops zu gehen und lange Stunden unter gefährlichen Bedingungen zu arbeiten. Zur gleichen Zeit begannen Frauen der Mittelschicht, in größerer Zahl in die Belegschaft einzutreten und Verwaltungs- und Managementfunktionen zu übernehmen. Dies hat zu neuen Reibungen und Konflikten zwischen Männern und Frauen sowie zwischen verschiedenen Arbeiterklassen geführt. Im 20. Jahrhundert stellte der Aufstieg des Feminismus und anderer sozialer Bewegungen traditionelle Geschlechterrollen in Frage und unterstrich die Ungerechtigkeit, der Frauen am Arbeitsplatz ausgesetzt sind. Die Bürgerrechtsbewegung und andere Antidiskriminierungsbemühungen haben dazu beigetragen, mehr Chancen für Frauen und Minderheiten zu schaffen, aber auch neue Herausforderungen und Spannungen geschaffen.
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Erken modern çağda, iş büyük ölçüde erkekler, özellikle beyaz erkekler tarafından tanımlandı ve el emeği ve el işleri etrafında toplandı. Çocuk bakımı ve ev işleri gibi kadınların işleri daha az değerli olarak görülüyor ve çoğu zaman görmezden geliniyor ya da değersizleştiriliyordu. Bu, emeğin kamusal alanı ile evdeki özel alan arasında keskin bir boşluğa yol açtı; erkekler kamusal alana egemen oldu ve kadınlar özel alanla sınırlı kaldı. Bununla birlikte, teknoloji ve endüstriler geliştikçe, kadınlar için daha erişilebilir olan büro ve hizmet odaklı işler gibi yeni çalışma biçimleri ortaya çıktı. İş ve çalışmayan günler arasındaki çizgileri bulanıklaştırdı ve geleneksel cinsiyet rollerine meydan okudu. Sanayi Devrimi sırasında, fabrikalar ve makineler birçok el emeği işinin yerini aldı ve yeni istihdam biçimlerine ve yeni sömürü biçimlerine yol açtı. Kadınlar ve çocuklar genellikle fabrikalara ve atölyelere gitmeye zorlanıyor, az ücret karşılığında tehlikeli koşullarda uzun saatler çalışıyorlardı. Aynı zamanda, orta sınıf kadınlar idari ve yönetsel roller üstlenerek daha fazla sayıda işgücüne girmeye başladı. Bu, erkekler ve kadınlar arasında ve ayrıca farklı işçi sınıfları arasında yeni gerilimlere ve çatışmalara yol açtı. 20. yüzyılda, feminizmin ve diğer toplumsal hareketlerin yükselişi geleneksel cinsiyet rollerine meydan okudu ve kadınların işyerinde karşılaştığı adaletsizlikleri vurguladı. vil haklar hareketi ve diğer ayrımcılık karşıtı çabalar, kadınlar ve azınlıklar için daha fazla fırsat yaratılmasına yardımcı oldu, ancak aynı zamanda yeni zorluklar ve gerginlikler yarattı.
في أوائل العصر الحديث، تم تعريف العمل إلى حد كبير من قبل الرجال، وخاصة الرجال البيض، وتمحور حول العمل اليدوي والمهام اليدوية. وينظر إلى وظائف المرأة، مثل رعاية الأطفال والواجبات المنزلية، على أنها أقل قيمة وغالبا ما يتم تجاهلها أو تخفيض قيمتها. أدى ذلك إلى فجوة حادة بين المجال العام للعمل والمجال الخاص في المنزل، حيث يسيطر الرجال على المجال العام وتقتصر النساء على المجال الخاص. ومع ذلك، ومع تطور التكنولوجيا والصناعات، ظهرت أشكال جديدة من العمل، مثل الأعمال الكتابية والوظائف الموجهة نحو الخدمات، والتي تكون في متناول النساء. لقد طمس الخطوط الفاصلة بين أيام العمل وغير العمل وتحدى الأدوار التقليدية للجنسين. خلال الثورة الصناعية، حلت المصانع والآلات محل العديد من الوظائف اليدوية، مما أدى إلى أشكال جديدة من العمالة وأشكال جديدة من الاستغلال. غالبًا ما يُجبر النساء والأطفال على الذهاب إلى المصانع والمحلات المستغلة للعمال، ويعملون لساعات طويلة في ظروف خطيرة مقابل أجر ضئيل. وفي الوقت نفسه، بدأت نساء الطبقة المتوسطة يدخلن قوة العمل بأعداد أكبر، ويضطلعن بأدوار إدارية وتنظيمية. أدى ذلك إلى توترات وصراعات جديدة بين الرجال والنساء، وكذلك بين فئات مختلفة من العمال. في القرن العشرين، تحدى صعود الحركة النسوية والحركات الاجتماعية الأخرى الأدوار التقليدية للجنسين وسلط الضوء على المظالم التي تواجهها النساء في مكان العمل. وساعدت حركة الحقوق المدنية وغيرها من الجهود المناهضة للتمييز على خلق المزيد من الفرص للنساء والأقليات، ولكنها خلقت أيضا تحديات وتوترات جديدة.

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