BOOKS - Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: Tikal Report 37 (Tikal Reports)
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: Tikal Report 37 (Tikal Reports) - Hattula Moholy-Nagy June 27, 2012 PDF  BOOKS
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Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: Tikal Report 37 (Tikal Reports)
Author: Hattula Moholy-Nagy
Year: June 27, 2012
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 3.0 MB
Language: English



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Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was once a thriving metropolis of the Maya civilization. Abandoned by its inhabitants during the tenth century AD, it lay hidden from the outside world for centuries until its rediscovery in 1848. This book chronicles the history of Tikal from its modern discovery to the present day, providing a comprehensive account of the material culture recovered by the Tikal Project and the Lacandon Archaeological Project (LAP) during their investigations of the pre-Columbian city. The report offers a detailed description of the process of technology evolution, highlighting the need to study and understand the development of modern knowledge as the basis for human survival and unity. Chapter 1: The Discovery of Tikal In 1848, the remote and isolated ruins of Tikal were brought to the attention of the outside world when a group of explorers stumbled upon the site. Over the next century, numerous visitors came and went, leaving behind material traces of their visits. In the late 1870s, a short-lived hamlet was established among the ancient ruins, marking the beginning of Tikal's modern history. Chapter 2: The Tikal Project In 1956, the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology initiated the Tikal Project, a fourteen-year investigation into the pre-Columbian city.
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was forming metropolis of the Maya civilization. Покинутый его жителями в течение десятого века нашей эры, он скрывался от внешнего мира на протяжении веков до своего повторного открытия в 1848 году. Эта книга рассказывает историю Тикаля от его современного открытия до наших дней, предоставляя исчерпывающий отчет о материальной культуре, восстановленной Проектом Тикаля и Археологическим проектом Лакандона (LAP) во время их исследований доколумбова города. Доклад предлагает подробное описание процесса эволюции технологий, подчеркивая необходимость изучения и понимания развития современных знаний как основы выживания и единства человека. Глава 1: Открытие Тикаля В 1848 году отдаленные и изолированные руины Тикаля были доведены до сведения внешнего мира, когда группа исследователей наткнулась на это место. В течение следующего столетия многочисленные посетители приходили и уходили, оставляя после себя материальные следы своих визитов. В конце 1870-х годов среди древних руин была установлена недолговечная деревушка, положившая начало современной истории Тикаля. Глава 2: Проект Тикаль В 1956 году Музей археологии и антропологии Пенсильванского университета инициировал проект Тикаль, четырнадцатилетнее исследование города доколумбовой эпохи.
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was forming metropolis of the Maya civilization. Abandonné par ses habitants au cours du Xe siècle après JC, il s'est caché du monde extérieur pendant des siècles jusqu'à sa redécouverte en 1848. Ce livre raconte l'histoire de Tikal, de sa découverte moderne à nos jours, en fournissant un compte rendu exhaustif de la culture matérielle restaurée par le projet Tikal et le projet archéologique de Lacandon (LAP) lors de leurs recherches sur la ville précolombienne. rapport propose une description détaillée du processus d'évolution des technologies, soulignant la nécessité d'étudier et de comprendre le développement des connaissances modernes comme base de la survie et de l'unité de l'homme. Chapitre 1 : La découverte de Tikal En 1848, les ruines éloignées et isolées de Tikal ont été portées à l'attention du monde extérieur quand un groupe de chercheurs est tombé sur cet endroit. Au cours du siècle suivant, de nombreux visiteurs sont venus et sont partis, laissant derrière eux des traces matérielles de leurs visites. À la fin des années 1870, un village de courte durée a été installé parmi les ruines antiques, marquant le début de l'histoire moderne de Tikal. Chapitre 2 : Projet Tikal En 1956, le Musée d'archéologie et d'anthropologie de l'Université de Pennsylvanie a lancé le projet Tikal, une étude de quatorze ans sur la ville de l'ère précolombienne.
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was forming metropolis of the Maya civilization. Abandonado por sus habitantes durante el siglo X d. C., se escondió del mundo exterior durante siglos hasta su redescubrimiento en 1848. Este libro narra la historia de Tikal desde su descubrimiento contemporáneo hasta la actualidad, aportando un relato exhaustivo de la cultura material recuperada por el Proyecto Tikal y el Proyecto Arqueológico Lacandón (LAP) durante su investigación sobre la ciudad precolombina. informe ofrece una descripción detallada del proceso de evolución de la tecnología, destacando la necesidad de estudiar y entender el desarrollo del conocimiento moderno como base para la supervivencia y la unidad humana. Capítulo 1: Descubrimiento de Tikal En 1848, las remotas y aisladas ruinas de Tikal fueron puestas en conocimiento del mundo exterior cuando un grupo de investigadores se topó con el lugar. Durante el siglo siguiente, numerosos visitantes acudieron y se fueron dejando atrás las huellas materiales de sus visitas. A finales de la década de 1870 se instaló un pueblo de corta vida entre las antiguas ruinas, que marcó el inicio de la historia moderna de Tikal. Capítulo 2: Proyecto Tikal En 1956, el Museo de Arqueología y Antropología de la Universidad de Pensilvania inició el proyecto Tikal, un estudio de catorce de la ciudad de la era precolombina.
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was forming metropolis of the Maya civilization. Abandonado por seus habitantes durante o décimo século de Cristo, ele se escondeu do mundo exterior durante séculos até sua reabertura em 1848. Este livro conta a história de Tikal desde sua descoberta contemporânea até hoje, fornecendo um relatório completo sobre a cultura material restaurada pelo Projeto Tikal e o Projeto Arqueológico Lacandon (LAP) durante suas pesquisas sobre a cidade pré-colombiana. O relatório oferece uma descrição detalhada do processo de evolução da tecnologia, enfatizando a necessidade de explorar e compreender o desenvolvimento do conhecimento moderno como base para a sobrevivência e unidade humana. Capítulo 1: A descoberta de Tikal Em 1848, as ruínas remotas e isoladas de Tikal foram informadas ao mundo exterior quando um grupo de pesquisadores se deparou com este local. Durante o século seguinte, inúmeros visitantes foram e saíram, deixando marcas materiais de suas visitas. No final da década de 1870, uma aldeia de curta duração foi instalada entre as antigas ruínas, dando origem à história moderna de Tikal. Capítulo 2: Projeto Tikal Em 1956, o Museu de Arqueologia e Antropologia da Universidade da Pensilvânia iniciou o Projeto Tikal, um estudo de 14 anos sobre a cidade pré-colombiana.
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was forming metropolis of the Maya civilization. Abbandonato dai suoi abitanti durante il decimo secolo Cristo, egli si è nascosto dal mondo esterno per secoli fino alla sua riapertura nel 1848. Questo libro racconta la storia di Tikal dalla sua scoperta moderna a oggi, fornendo un resoconto completo della cultura materiale ricostruita dal Progetto Tikal e dal Progetto Archeologico Lacandon (LAP) durante la loro ricerca sulla città precolombiana. Il rapporto offre una descrizione dettagliata del processo di evoluzione tecnologica, sottolineando la necessità di studiare e comprendere lo sviluppo delle conoscenze moderne come base per la sopravvivenza e l'unità umana. Capitolo 1: La scoperta di Tikal Nel 1848 le rovine remote e isolate di Tikal vennero rese note al mondo esterno quando un gruppo di ricercatori si imbattette in questo luogo. Nel corso del secolo successivo, numerosi visitatori andarono e vennero, lasciando dietro di sé tracce materiali delle loro visite. Alla fine del 1870, tra le antiche rovine fu installato un villaggio di breve durata che diede inizio alla storia moderna di Tikal. Capitolo 2: Progetto Tikal Nel 1956 il Museo di Archeologia e Antropologia dell'Università della Pennsylvania ha avviato il progetto Tikal, quattordici anni di ricerca sulla città precolombiana.
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was forming metropolis of the Maya civilization. Im zehnten Jahrhundert n. Chr. von seinen Bewohnern verlassen, versteckte es sich jahrhundertelang vor der Außenwelt, bis es 1848 wiederentdeckt wurde. Dieses Buch erzählt die Geschichte von Tikal von seiner modernen Entdeckung bis zur Gegenwart und bietet einen umfassenden Bericht über die materielle Kultur, die vom Tikal Project und dem Archaeological Project of Lacandon (LAP) während ihrer Erkundung der präkolumbianischen Stadt restauriert wurde. Der Bericht bietet eine detaillierte Beschreibung des technologischen Evolutionsprozesses und betont die Notwendigkeit, die Entwicklung des modernen Wissens als Grundlage für das Überleben und die Einheit des Menschen zu untersuchen und zu verstehen. Kapitel 1: Die Entdeckung von Tikal 1848 wurden die abgelegenen und isolierten Ruinen von Tikal der Außenwelt bekannt gemacht, als eine Gruppe von Forschern auf diesen Ort stieß. Im Laufe des nächsten Jahrhunderts kamen und gingen zahlreiche Besucher und hinterließen die materiellen Spuren ihrer Besuche. In den späten 1870er Jahren wurde unter den alten Ruinen ein kurzlebiges Dorf errichtet, das den Beginn der modernen Geschichte von Tikal markierte. Kapitel 2: Das Tikal-Projekt 1956 initiierte das Museum für Archäologie und Anthropologie der Universität von Pennsylvania das Tikal-Projekt, eine vierzehnjährige Studie über eine präkolumbianische Stadt.
ארכאולוגיה היסטורית בטיקאל, גואטמלה: דו "ח של מבוא פרויקט טיקאל: העיר הפרה-קולומביאנית טיקאל, השוכנת בלב יער הגשם בגואטמלה, הקימה מטרופולין של תרבות המאיה. היא ננטשה על ידי תושביה במהלך המאה העשירית לספירה, והוסתרה מן העולם החיצוני במשך מאות שנים עד לגילויו מחדש ב-1848. ספר זה מספר את סיפורו של טיקאל החל מגילויו המודרני ועד ימינו, ומספק תיאור מקיף של התרבות החומרית ששוחזרה על ידי פרויקט טיקאל והפרויקט הארכאולוגי של לקנדון (Lacandon Archaeological Project) במהלך חקירותיהם על העיר הפרה-קולומביאנית. הדו "ח מציג תיאור מפורט של התפתחות הטכנולוגיה, ומדגיש את הצורך ללמוד ולהבין את התפתחות הידע המודרני כבסיס להישרדות ולאחדות האדם. פרק 1: דיסקברי של טיקאל ב-1848, ההריסות המרוחקות והמבודדות של טיקאל הובאו לידיעת העולם החיצון כאשר צוות חוקרים נתקל באתר. במהלך המאה שלאחר מכן באו מספר רב של מבקרים והשאירו אחריהם עקבות חומריים של ביקורים. בסוף שנות ה-70 של המאה ה-19 הוקם כפר קצר ימים בין ההריסות העתיקות, שהניח את היסודות להיסטוריה המודרנית של טיקאל. פרק 2: פרויקט טיקאל בשנת 1956, המוזיאון לארכיאולוגיה ואנתרופולוגיה של אוניברסיטת פנסילבניה יזם את פרויקט טיקאל, מחקר בן ארבע עשרה שנים של העיר הפרה-קולומביאנית.''
Tikal'de Tarihsel Arkeoloji, Guatemala: Tikal Projesinin Bir Raporu Giriş: Guatemala yağmur ormanlarının kalbinde yer alan Kolomb öncesi Tikal şehri, Maya uygarlığının metropolünü oluşturuyordu. MS 10. yüzyılda sakinleri tarafından terk edilmiş, 1848 yılında yeniden keşfedilene kadar yüzyıllar boyunca dış dünyadan gizlenmiştir. Bu kitap, Tikal'in modern keşfinden günümüze kadar olan hikayesini anlatıyor ve Tikal Projesi ve Lacandon Arkeoloji Projesi (LAP) tarafından Kolomb öncesi şehri keşifleri sırasında restore edilen maddi kültürün kapsamlı bir açıklamasını sunuyor. Rapor, teknolojinin evriminin ayrıntılı bir tanımını sunarak, insanın hayatta kalması ve birliği için temel olarak modern bilginin gelişimini inceleme ve anlama ihtiyacını vurgulamaktadır. Bölüm 1: Tikal'in Keşfi 1848'de, Tikal'in uzak ve izole kalıntıları, bir grup kaşifin bölgeye gelmesiyle dış dünyanın dikkatine sunuldu. Sonraki yüzyılda, ziyaretlerinin maddi izlerini geride bırakarak çok sayıda ziyaretçi geldi ve gitti. 1870'lerin sonlarında, Tikal'in modern tarihinin temelini atan antik kalıntılar arasında kısa ömürlü bir köy kuruldu. Bölüm 2: Tikal Projesi 1956 yılında, Pennsylvania Üniversitesi Arkeoloji ve Antropoloji Müzesi, Kolomb öncesi kentin on dört yıllık bir çalışması olan Tikal Projesi'ni başlattı.
علم الآثار التاريخي في تيكال، غواتيمالا: تقرير عن مشروع تيكال مقدمة: كانت مدينة تيكال ما قبل كولومبوس، الواقعة في قلب الغابات المطيرة في غواتيمالا، تشكل مدينة حضارة المايا. تخلى عنها سكانها خلال القرن العاشر الميلادي، وتم إخفاؤها عن العالم الخارجي لعدة قرون حتى إعادة اكتشافها في عام 1848. يحكي هذا الكتاب قصة تيكال منذ اكتشافه الحديث حتى يومنا هذا، ويقدم سردًا شاملاً للثقافة المادية التي استعادها مشروع تيكال ومشروع لاكاندون الأثري (LAP) أثناء استكشافهما لمدينة ما قبل كولومبوس. ويقدم التقرير وصفا مفصلا لتطور التكنولوجيا، مشددا على ضرورة دراسة وفهم تطور المعرفة الحديثة كأساس لبقاء الإنسان ووحدته. الفصل 1: اكتشاف تيكال في عام 1848، تم لفت انتباه العالم الخارجي إلى أنقاض تيكال النائية والمعزولة عندما صادف فريق من المستكشفين الموقع. على مدى القرن التالي، جاء العديد من الزوار وذهبوا، تاركين وراءهم آثارًا مادية لزياراتهم. في أواخر سبعينيات القرن التاسع عشر، تم إنشاء قرية قصيرة العمر بين الأطلال القديمة، والتي أرست الأساس لتاريخ تيكال الحديث. الفصل 2: مشروع تيكال في عام 1956، بدأ متحف جامعة بنسلفانيا للآثار والأنثروبولوجيا مشروع تيكال، وهو دراسة استمرت أربعة عشر عامًا لمدينة ما قبل كولومبوس.
과테말라 티칼의 역사적 고고학: 티칼 프로젝트 소개 보고서: 과테말라 열대 우림의 중심부에 위치한 콜럼버스 이전의 도시 티칼은 마야 문명의 대도시를 형성하고있었습니다. 서기 10 세기에 주민들에 의해 버려진이 곳은 1848 년에 재발견 될 때까지 수 세기 동안 외부 세계에서 숨겨져있었습니다. 이 책은 티칼의 이야기를 현대의 발견에서 현재까지 알려주며, 콜럼버스 이전 도시를 탐험하는 동안 티칼 프로젝트와 라칸 돈 고고학 프로젝트 (LAP) 가 복원 한 물질 문화에 대한 포괄적 인 설명을 제공합니다. 이 보고서는 기술의 진화에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공하며, 인간의 생존과 통일의 기초로서 현대 지식의 발전을 연구하고 이해해야 할 필요성을 강조합니다. 1 장: 티칼의 발견 1848 년, 탐험가 팀이 현장을 방문했을 때 티칼의 외딴 유적이 외부 세계의 주목을 받았습니다. 다음 세기에 수많은 방문객들이왔다 갔다하면서 방문의 흔적을 남겼습니다. 1870 년대 후반, 고대 유적지 사이에 단명 한 마을이 세워져 티칼의 현대사의 토대가되었습니다. 2 장: 티칼 프로젝트 1956 년 펜실베이니아 대학교 고고학 및 인류학 박물관은 콜럼버스 이전 도시에 대한 14 년간의 연구 인 티칼 프로젝트를 시작했습니다.
Historical Archaeology at Tikal, Guatemala: A Report of the Tikal Project Introduction: The pre-Columbian city of Tikal, located in the heart of the Guatemalan rainforest, was forming metropolis of the Maya civilization.在公元10世紀,它被居民拋棄,幾個世紀以來一直躲避外界,直到1848重新發現。這本書講述了蒂卡爾(Tikal)從現代發現到當今的故事,全面介紹了蒂卡爾(Tikal)項目和拉坎登考古項目(LAP)在研究哥倫布前城市期間恢復的物質文化。該報告詳細描述了技術演變的過程,強調需要研究和理解現代知識的發展作為人類生存和團結的基礎。第1章:蒂卡爾(Tikal)的發現。1848,一群探險家偶然發現蒂卡爾(Tikal)偏遠而孤立的廢墟引起了外界的註意。在接下來的一個世紀中,許多遊客來來去去,留下了他們訪問的物質痕跡。在1870代後期,在古代廢墟中建立了一個短暫的村莊,標誌著蒂卡爾現代歷史的開始。第2章:Tikal項目1956,賓夕法尼亞大學考古與人類學博物館發起了Tikal項目,該項目是對哥倫布時代前城市的十四研究。

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