BOOKS - White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812
White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812 - Winthrop D. Jordan January 1, 1968 PDF  BOOKS
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White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812
Author: Winthrop D. Jordan
Year: January 1, 1968
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 38 MB
Language: English



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The Plot: In White Over Black, Winthrop D. Jordan delves into the historical context of how American attitudes towards black people evolved over time, from the early encounters between Europeans and Africans in the 16th century to the formation of the United States. He examines how these attitudes were shaped by religious beliefs, economic interests, and political ideologies, and how they ultimately led to the institution of chattel slavery. The book begins by exploring the initial interactions between European colonizers and African slaves in the New World, highlighting the contrast between the Christian teachings of forgiveness and love for one's enemies and the brutal treatment of enslaved Africans. Jordan argues that this dichotomy laid the groundwork for the development of a distinctly American racial hierarchy, with white people at the top and black people at the bottom. As the English colonies grew and prospered, the demand for slave labor increased, leading to the transatlantic slave trade, which brought millions of Africans to the Americas against their will. This period saw the rise of chattel slavery, which became an integral part of the colonial economy and society.
In White Over Black, Уинтроп Д. Джордан углубляется в исторический контекст того, как американское отношение к чернокожим людям развивалось с течением времени, от ранних встреч между европейцами и африканцами в XVI веке до образования Соединенных Штатов. Он исследует, как эти отношения были сформированы религиозными убеждениями, экономическими интересами и политическими идеологиями, и как они в конечном итоге привели к институту рабовладения. Книга начинается с изучения первоначальных взаимодействий между европейскими колонизаторами и африканскими рабами в Новом Свете, подчеркивая контраст между христианскими учениями о прощении и любви к своим врагам и жестоким обращением с порабощенными африканцами. Джордан утверждает, что эта дихотомия заложила основу для развития отчетливо американской расовой иерархии, с белыми людьми наверху и черными людьми внизу. По мере того, как английские колонии росли и процветали, спрос на рабский труд увеличивался, что привело к трансатлантической работорговле, которая привела миллионы африканцев в Америку против их воли. На этот период пришёлся подъём холопства, ставшего неотъемлемой частью колониальной экономики и общества.
Dans White Over Black, Winthrop D. Jordan s'inscrit dans le contexte historique de l'évolution des attitudes américaines envers les Noirs au fil du temps, depuis les premières rencontres entre Européens et Africains au XVIe siècle jusqu'à la formation des États-Unis. Il étudie comment ces relations ont été façonnées par des croyances religieuses, des intérêts économiques et des idéologies politiques, et comment elles ont finalement conduit à l'institution de l'esclavage. livre commence par une étude des interactions initiales entre les colonisateurs européens et les esclaves africains dans le Nouveau Monde, soulignant le contraste entre les enseignements chrétiens sur le pardon et l'amour de leurs ennemis et les mauvais traitements infligés aux Africains asservis. Jordan affirme que cette dichotomie a jeté les bases du développement d'une hiérarchie raciale clairement américaine, avec des Blancs en haut et des Noirs en bas. Au fur et à mesure que les colonies anglaises grandissaient et prospéraient, la demande de travail des esclaves augmentait, conduisant à la traite transatlantique des esclaves, qui amena des millions d'Africains en Amérique contre leur gré. Au cours de cette période, l'holopisme, qui faisait partie intégrante de l'économie et de la société coloniales, a augmenté.
In White Over Black, Winthrop D. Jordan profundiza en el contexto histórico de cómo la actitud estadounidense hacia los negros evolucionó con el tiempo, desde los primeros encuentros entre europeos y africanos en el siglo XVI hasta la formación de Estados Unidos. Explora cómo estas relaciones fueron formadas por creencias religiosas, intereses económicos e ideologías políticas, y cómo finalmente condujeron a la institución de la esclavitud. libro comienza con un estudio de las interacciones iniciales entre los colonizadores europeos y los esclavos africanos en el Nuevo Mundo, destacando el contraste entre las enseñanzas cristianas sobre el perdón y el amor a sus enemigos y el maltrato a los africanos esclavizados. Jordan afirma que esta dicotomía sentó las bases para el desarrollo de una jerarquía racial claramente americana, con gente blanca en la parte superior y gente negra en la parte inferior. A medida que las colonias inglesas crecieron y prosperaron, la demanda de mano de obra esclava aumentó, lo que llevó a la trata transatlántica de esclavos que llevó a millones de africanos a América en contra de su voluntad. Durante este período se produjo el auge de la holopatía, que se convirtió en parte integral de la economía y la sociedad coloniales.
In White Over Black, Winthrop D. Jordan está se aprofundando no contexto histórico de como a atitude americana em relação às pessoas negras evoluiu ao longo do tempo, desde os encontros iniciais entre europeus e africanos no século XVIII. Até a formação dos Estados Unidos. Ele investiga como essas relações foram formadas por crenças religiosas, interesses econômicos e ideologias políticas, e como elas acabaram levando à instituição da escravidão. O livro começa com o estudo das interações iniciais entre os colonizadores europeus e os escravos africanos no Novo Mundo, enfatizando o contraste entre os ensinamentos cristãos sobre o perdão e o amor por seus inimigos e o abuso dos africanos escravizados. Jordan afirma que esta dicotomia estabeleceu as bases para o desenvolvimento da hierarquia racial americana, com os brancos lá em cima e os negros lá em baixo. À medida que as colônias inglesas cresceram e prosperaram, a procura por trabalho escravo aumentou, levando ao tráfico transatlântico de escravos, que levou milhões de africanos à América contra a sua vontade. Durante este período, houve a ascensão do holopetismo, que se tornou parte integrante da economia e da sociedade coloniais.
In White Over Black, Winthrop D. Jordan si sta approfondendo nel contesto storico del modo in cui l'atteggiamento americano verso le persone di colore si è evoluto nel tempo, dalle prime riunioni tra europei e africani nel XVI secolo alla formazione degli Stati Uniti. Sta esplorando come queste relazioni siano state formate da credenze religiose, interessi economici e ideologie politiche, e come hanno portato alla fine all'istituzione della schiavitù. Il libro inizia esplorando le interazioni iniziali tra i colonizzatori europei e gli schiavi africani nel Nuovo Mondo, sottolineando il contrasto tra gli insegnamenti cristiani sul perdono e l'amore per i loro nemici e il maltrattamento degli africani schiavizzati. Jordan sostiene che questa dicotomia abbia gettato le basi per sviluppare una gerarchia razziale americana chiara, con i bianchi di sopra e gli uomini neri di sotto. Mentre le colonie inglesi crescevano e prosperavano, la domanda di lavoro schiavo aumentava, portando alla tratta transatlantica di schiavi che portò milioni di africani in America contro la loro volontà. Durante questo periodo c'è stata l'ascesa della colopnia, che è diventata parte integrante dell'economia e della società coloniale.
In White Over Black taucht Winthrop D. Jordan in den historischen Kontext ein, wie sich die amerikanische Haltung gegenüber Schwarzen im Laufe der Zeit entwickelt hat, von den frühen Begegnungen zwischen Europäern und Afrikanern im 16. Jahrhundert bis zur Bildung der Vereinigten Staaten. Er untersucht, wie diese Beziehungen von religiösen Überzeugungen, wirtschaftlichen Interessen und politischen Ideologien geprägt wurden und wie sie schließlich zu einer Institution der Sklaverei führten. Das Buch beginnt mit einer Untersuchung der ersten Interaktionen zwischen europäischen Kolonialisten und afrikanischen Sklaven in der Neuen Welt, wobei der Kontrast zwischen den christlichen hren der Vergebung und Liebe für ihre Feinde und der Misshandlung versklavter Afrikaner hervorgehoben wird. Jordan argumentiert, dass diese Dichotomie die Grundlage für die Entwicklung einer deutlich amerikanischen Rassenhierarchie mit weißen Menschen an der Spitze und schwarzen Menschen an der Unterseite gelegt hat. Als die englischen Kolonien wuchsen und florierten, stieg die Nachfrage nach Sklavenarbeit, was zu einem transatlantischen Sklavenhandel führte, der Millionen von Afrikanern gegen ihren Willen nach Amerika brachte. In diese Zeit fiel der Aufstieg der Sklaverei, die zu einem integralen Bestandteil der kolonialen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft wurde.
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Winthrop D. Jordan, yahlar Üzerinde Beyaz'da, Amerikalıların siyahlara karşı tutumlarının, 16. yüzyılda Avrupalılar ve Afrikalılar arasındaki ilk karşılaşmalardan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin oluşumuna kadar, zaman içinde nasıl geliştiğinin tarihsel bağlamını inceliyor. Bu ilişkilerin dini inançlar, ekonomik çıkarlar ve siyasi ideolojiler tarafından nasıl şekillendirildiğini ve sonunda kölelik kurumuna nasıl yol açtığını araştırıyor. Kitap, Avrupalı sömürgeciler ile Yeni Dünya'daki Afrikalı köleler arasındaki ilk etkileşimleri inceleyerek, birinin düşmanlarına karşı affetme ve sevgi ile köleleştirilmiş Afrikalıların kötü muamelesi hakkındaki Hristiyan öğretileri arasındaki karşıtlığı vurgulayarak başlıyor. Jordan, bu ikiliğin, belirgin bir şekilde Amerikan ırksal hiyerarşisinin gelişmesine zemin hazırladığını, üstte beyazların ve altta siyahların bulunduğunu savunuyor. İngiliz kolonileri büyüdükçe ve geliştikçe, köle emeğine olan talep arttı ve milyonlarca Afrikalıyı istekleri dışında Amerika'ya getiren transatlantik köle ticaretine yol açtı. Bu dönem, sömürge ekonomisinin ve toplumunun ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelen köleliğin yükselişini gördü.
باللون الأبيض فوق الأسود، يتعمق وينثروب دي جوردان في السياق التاريخي لكيفية تطور المواقف الأمريكية تجاه السود بمرور الوقت، من المواجهات المبكرة بين الأوروبيين والأفارقة في القرن السادس عشر إلى تشكيل الولايات المتحدة. يستكشف كيف تم تشكيل هذه العلاقات من خلال المعتقدات الدينية والمصالح الاقتصادية والأيديولوجيات السياسية، وكيف أدت في النهاية إلى تأسيس العبودية. يبدأ الكتاب بفحص التفاعلات الأولية بين المستعمرين الأوروبيين والعبيد الأفارقة في العالم الجديد، مما يسلط الضوء على التناقض بين التعاليم المسيحية حول التسامح وحب أعداء المرء وسوء معاملة الأفارقة المستعبدين. يجادل جوردان بأن هذا الانقسام وضع الأساس لتطوير تسلسل هرمي عرقي أمريكي واضح، مع وجود البيض في القمة والسود في الأسفل. مع نمو المستعمرات الإنجليزية وازدهارها، زاد الطلب على السخرة، مما أدى إلى تجارة الرقيق عبر المحيط الأطلسي، والتي جلبت ملايين الأفارقة إلى أمريكا ضد إرادتهم. شهدت هذه الفترة صعود العبودية، التي أصبحت جزءًا لا يتجزأ من الاقتصاد الاستعماري والمجتمع.

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