BOOKS - Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900-1954
Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900-1954 - Zoe Burkholder October 5, 2011 PDF  BOOKS
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Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900-1954
Author: Zoe Burkholder
Year: October 5, 2011
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 5.3 MB
Language: English



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Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Taught Race, 1900-1954 In the early twentieth century, the concept of race was not just a social construct, but a scientifically-backed theory that was deeply ingrained in American society. However, as World War II broke out, prominent anthropologists like Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead saw the potential for science to fight racial prejudice. They believed that if they could teach the truth about race in American education, it would help combat racism and bring about a more egalitarian society. This educational reform movement aimed to revise the way race was perceived and taught in schools, presenting human diversity as learned cultural habits rather than innate characteristics. Through hundreds of firsthand accounts from teachers nationwide, Zoe Burkholder traces the influence of this anthropological activism on how teachers understood, spoke, and taught about race. She explains why certain theoretical concepts, such as dividing race into three main categories, were easily grasped by educators, while more complex models of cultural diversity and structural inequality posed challenges.
Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Teached Race, 1900-1954 В начале двадцатого века концепция расы была не просто социальной конструкцией, а научно обоснованной теорией, которая глубоко укоренилась в американском обществе. Однако, когда началась Вторая мировая война, видные антропологи, такие как Франц Боас, Рут Бенедикт и Маргарет Мид, увидели потенциал для науки в борьбе с расовыми предрассудками. Они верили, что если бы они могли преподавать правду о расе в американском образовании, это помогло бы бороться с расизмом и привело бы к более эгалитарному обществу. Это движение за реформу образования было направлено на пересмотр того, как раса воспринималась и преподавалась в школах, представляя человеческое разнообразие как усвоенные культурные привычки, а не врожденные характеристики. Через сотни личных сообщений учителей по всей стране Зои Буркхолдер прослеживает влияние этого антропологического активизма на то, как учителя понимают, говорят и учат о расе. Она объясняет, почему определенные теоретические концепции, такие как разделение расы на три основные категории, были легко усвоены педагогами, в то время как более сложные модели культурного разнообразия и структурного неравенства создавали проблемы.
Color in the Classroom : How American Schools Teached Race, 1900-1954 Au début du XXe siècle, le concept de race n'était pas seulement une construction sociale, mais une théorie scientifique profondément enracinée dans la société américaine. Cependant, lorsque la Seconde Guerre mondiale éclata, d'éminents anthropologues comme Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict et Margaret Meade virent le potentiel de la science dans la lutte contre les préjugés raciaux. Ils croyaient que s'ils pouvaient enseigner la vérité raciale dans l'éducation américaine, cela aiderait à combattre le racisme et conduirait à une société plus égalitaire. Ce mouvement de réforme de l'éducation visait à redéfinir la façon dont la race était perçue et enseignée dans les écoles, en présentant la diversité humaine comme des habitudes culturelles apprises plutôt que comme des caractéristiques innées. À travers des centaines de messages personnels d'enseignants à travers le pays, Zoe Burkholder retrace l'impact de cet activisme anthropologique sur la façon dont les enseignants comprennent, parlent et enseignent la race. Elle explique pourquoi certains concepts théoriques, tels que la division de la race en trois grandes catégories, ont été facilement assimilés par les éducateurs, tandis que des modèles plus complexes de diversité culturelle et d'inégalité structurelle posaient des problèmes.
Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Teached Race, 1900-1954 A principios del siglo XX, el concepto de raza no era sólo una construcción social, sino una teoría científicamente basada que estaba profundamente arraigada en la sociedad estadounidense. n embargo, cuando estalló la Segunda Guerra Mundial, destacados antropólogos como Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict y Margaret Mead vieron potencial para la ciencia en la lucha contra los prejuicios raciales. Creían que si podían enseñar la verdad sobre la raza en la educación estadounidense, eso ayudaría a combatir el racismo y llevaría a una sociedad más igualitaria. Este movimiento de reforma educativa pretendía revisar cómo se percibía y enseñaba la raza en las escuelas, presentando la diversidad humana como hábitos culturales aprendidos y no como características innatas. A través de cientos de mensajes personales de maestros en todo el país, Zoe Burkholder traza el impacto de este activismo antropológico en la forma en que los maestros entienden, hablan y enseñan sobre la raza. Explica por qué ciertos conceptos teóricos, como la división de la raza en tres categorías principales, fueron fácilmente asimilados por los educadores, mientras que modelos más complejos de diversidad cultural y desigualdad estructural crearon problemas.
Color in the Classroom: How American Schools Teached Race, 1900-1954 Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts war das Konzept der Rasse nicht nur ein soziales Konstrukt, sondern eine wissenschaftlich fundierte Theorie, die tief in der amerikanischen Gesellschaft verwurzelt war. Als jedoch der Zweite Weltkrieg ausbrach, sahen prominente Anthropologen wie Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict und Margaret Mead Potenzial für die Wissenschaft im Kampf gegen Rassenvorurteile. e glaubten, wenn sie die Wahrheit über die Rasse im amerikanischen Bildungswesen lehren könnten, würde dies dazu beitragen, Rassismus zu bekämpfen und zu einer egalitäreren Gesellschaft führen. Diese Bildungsreformbewegung zielte darauf ab, die Art und Weise zu überdenken, wie Rasse in Schulen wahrgenommen und gelehrt wurde, und die menschliche Vielfalt als gelernte kulturelle Gewohnheiten und nicht als angeborene Merkmale darzustellen. Durch Hunderte von persönlichen Nachrichten von hrern im ganzen Land zeichnet Zoe Burkholder den Einfluss dieses anthropologischen Aktivismus auf die Art und Weise nach, wie hrer über Rasse verstehen, sprechen und lehren. e erklärt, warum bestimmte theoretische Konzepte wie die Einteilung der Rasse in drei Hauptkategorien von Pädagogen leicht verinnerlicht wurden, während komplexere Modelle kultureller Vielfalt und struktureller Ungleichheit Probleme verursachten.
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Sınıftaki Renk: Amerikan Okulları Irkı Nasıl Öğretti, 1900-1954 Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında, ırk kavramı sadece sosyal bir yapı değil, Amerikan toplumunda derinden kök salmış bilimsel temelli bir teoriydi. Bununla birlikte, II. Dünya Savaşı başladığında, Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict ve Margaret Mead gibi önde gelen antropologlar, ırksal önyargıyla mücadelede bilimin potansiyelini gördüler. Amerikan eğitiminde ırk hakkındaki gerçeği öğretebilirlerse, ırkçılıkla mücadeleye yardımcı olacağına ve daha eşitlikçi bir topluma yol açacağına inanıyorlardı. Bu eğitim reformu hareketi, ırkın okullarda nasıl algılandığını ve öğretildiğini yeniden tanımlamaya, insan çeşitliliğini doğuştan gelen özelliklerden ziyade öğrenilen kültürel alışkanlıklar olarak sunmaya çalıştı. Ülkenin dört bir yanındaki öğretmenlerden gelen yüzlerce özel mesaj aracılığıyla Zoe Burkholder, bu antropolojik aktivizmin öğretmenlerin ırk hakkında nasıl anladıkları, konuştukları ve öğrettikleri üzerindeki etkisini izliyor. Irkın üç ana kategoriye ayrılması gibi bazı teorik kavramların eğitimciler tarafından kolayca öğrenilirken, daha karmaşık kültürel çeşitlilik ve yapısal eşitsizlik kalıplarının neden zorluklar yarattığını açıklıyor.
اللون في الفصل الدراسي: كيف درست المدارس الأمريكية العرق، 1900-1954 في أوائل القرن العشرين، لم يكن مفهوم العرق مجرد بناء اجتماعي، ولكن نظرية قائمة علميًا كانت متجذرة بعمق في المجتمع الأمريكي. ومع ذلك، مع بدء الحرب العالمية الثانية، رأى علماء الأنثروبولوجيا البارزون مثل فرانز بواس وروث بنديكت ومارجريت ميد إمكانية العلم في مكافحة التحيز العنصري. كانوا يعتقدون أنه إذا تمكنوا من تعليم الحقيقة حول العرق في التعليم الأمريكي، فسيساعد ذلك في مكافحة العنصرية ويؤدي إلى مجتمع أكثر مساواة. سعت حركة إصلاح التعليم هذه إلى إعادة تعريف كيفية النظر إلى العرق وتدريسه في المدارس، وتقديم التنوع البشري كعادات ثقافية متعلمة بدلاً من الخصائص الفطرية. من خلال مئات الرسائل الخاصة من المعلمين في جميع أنحاء البلاد، تتتبع Zoe Burkholder تأثير هذا النشاط الأنثروبولوجي على كيفية فهم المعلمين وتحدثهم وتعليمهم عن العرق. وهي تشرح لماذا يتعلم المعلمون بسهولة بعض المفاهيم النظرية، مثل تقسيم العرق إلى ثلاث فئات رئيسية، بينما تشكل الأنماط الأكثر تعقيدًا للتنوع الثقافي وعدم المساواة الهيكلية تحديات.

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