BOOKS - The Undivided Past: Humanity Beyond Our Differences
The Undivided Past: Humanity Beyond Our Differences - David Cannadine January 1, 2013 PDF  BOOKS
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The Undivided Past: Humanity Beyond Our Differences
Author: David Cannadine
Year: January 1, 2013
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 5.3 MB
Language: English



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The Undivided Past Humanity Beyond Our Differences: A Call to Reexamine the Way We Look at History Human history has long been perceived as a story of incessant conflict between groups, with each category of difference - religion, nation, class, gender, race, and civilization - motivating people dramatically at particular moments. However, as David Cannadine argues in his provocative new book, The Undivided Past, these identities have rarely been as determinative or as unbridgeable as we might think. In fact, for most of recorded time, these differences have been fluid and overlapping, with fruitful conversations taking place across allegedly impermeable boundaries. Throughout history, there has never been a simple and stark division between any two adversarial solidarities, but rather an interplay of overlapping constituencies. Yet, our public discourse is more polarized than ever, with a simplistic and pernicious idea that conflict is the inevitable state of human affairs. This default mode of explanation has become the norm for understanding everything happening in the world today.
Неразделенное прошлое человечества за пределами наших различий: призыв к переоценке того, как мы смотрим на историю Человеческая история долгое время воспринималась как история непрекращающегося конфликта между группами, причем каждая категория различий - религия, нация, класс, пол, раса и цивилизация - сильно мотивирует людей в определенные моменты. Однако, как утверждает Дэвид Каннадин в своей провокационной новой книге «Неразделенное прошлое», эти идентичности редко были столь детерминативными или столь несгибаемыми, как мы можем подумать. Фактически, в течение большей части зарегистрированного времени эти различия были плавными и частично совпадающими, и плодотворные разговоры происходили через якобы непроницаемые границы. На протяжении всей истории никогда не было простого и резкого разделения между любыми двумя противоборствующими солидарностями, а скорее было взаимодействие пересекающихся избирательных округов. Тем не менее, наш публичный дискурс более поляризован, чем когда-либо, с упрощенной и пагубной идеей, что конфликт является неизбежным состоянием человеческих дел. Такой дефолтный способ объяснения стал нормой для понимания всего происходящего сегодня в мире.
passé inséparable de l'humanité au-delà de nos différences : un appel à réévaluer la façon dont nous regardons l'histoire L'histoire humaine a longtemps été perçue comme l'histoire d'un conflit incessant entre les groupes, chaque catégorie de différences - religion, nation, classe, sexe, race et civilisation - motivant fortement les gens à certains moments. Cependant, comme l'affirme David Cannadin dans son nouveau livre provocateur « Passé non divisé », ces identités ont rarement été aussi déterminantes ou aussi inflexibles que nous pouvons le penser. En fait, pendant la majeure partie du temps enregistré, ces différences ont été lisses et partiellement coïncidentes, et des conversations fructueuses ont eu lieu à travers des frontières prétendument impénétrables. Tout au long de l'histoire, il n'y a jamais eu de division simple et abrupte entre deux solidarités opposées, mais plutôt une interaction entre les circonscriptions électorales. Pourtant, notre discours public est plus polarisé que jamais, avec l'idée simpliste et pernicieuse que le conflit est un état inévitable des affaires humaines. Cette façon défectueuse d'expliquer est devenue la norme pour comprendre tout ce qui se passe aujourd'hui dans le monde.
pasado no dividido de la humanidad más allá de nuestras diferencias: un llamado a reevaluar cómo miramos la historia La historia humana ha sido percibida durante mucho tiempo como una historia de conflicto incesante entre grupos, con cada categoría de diferencia - religión, nación, clase, género, raza y civilización - motivando fuertemente a las personas en ciertos momentos. n embargo, como afirma David Cannadine en su provocador nuevo libro, «pasado no dividido», estas identidades rara vez han sido tan determinantes o tan inflexibles como podríamos pensar. De hecho, durante la mayor parte del tiempo registrado, estas diferencias fueron fluidas y parcialmente coincidentes, y las conversaciones fructíferas se produjeron a través de fronteras supuestamente impenetrables. A lo largo de la historia nunca ha habido una división simple y abrupta entre dos solidaridades opuestas, sino más bien una interacción de circunscripciones superpuestas. n embargo, nuestro discurso público está más polarizado que nunca con la idea simplista y perniciosa de que el conflicto es un estado inevitable de los asuntos humanos. Esta forma improcedente de explicar se ha convertido en la norma para entender todo lo que está sucediendo hoy en el mundo.
O passado não compartilhado da humanidade para além das nossas diferenças: um apelo para reavaliar a forma como olhamos para a História Humana durante muito tempo foi visto como uma história de conflito contínuo entre grupos, com cada categoria de distinção - religião, nação, classe, sexo, raça e civilização - motivando fortemente as pessoas em certos momentos. No entanto, como afirma David Cannadine no seu provocativo novo livro «O Passado Não Compartilhado», essas identidades raramente foram tão determinantes ou tão inabaláveis quanto podemos pensar. Na verdade, durante a maior parte do tempo registrado, essas diferenças foram suaves e em parte coincidentes, e conversas frutíferas ocorreram através de limites supostamente impenetráveis. Ao longo da história, nunca houve uma separação simples e abrupta entre qualquer uma das duas divisões rivais, mas sim uma interação entre os distritos eleitorais cruzados. No entanto, nosso discurso público é mais polarizado do que nunca, com a ideia simplista e danosa de que o conflito é um estado inevitável dos assuntos humanos. Essa forma de explicar em default tornou-se a norma para compreender tudo o que está a acontecer no mundo.
Il passato non condiviso dell'umanità al di là delle nostre differenze: l'appello a rivalutare il modo in cui guardiamo alla storia La storia umana è stata considerata per lungo tempo una storia di conflitto incessante tra gruppi, con ogni categoria di distinzione - religione, nazione, classe, sesso, razza e civiltà - che motiva fortemente le persone in certi momenti. Ma, come sostiene David Cannadin nel suo provocatorio nuovo libro, «Il passato non condiviso», queste identità raramente sono state così determinanti o indistruttibili come possiamo pensare. Infatti, per la maggior parte del tempo registrato, queste differenze sono state fluide e in parte coincidenti, e le conversazioni fruttuose sono avvenute attraverso confini presumibilmente impenetrabili. In tutta la storia non c'è mai stata una semplice e drastica divisione tra le due opposizioni solidali, ma piuttosto l'interazione tra le circoscrizioni elettorali che si incrociano. Tuttavia, il nostro discorso pubblico è più polarizzato che mai con l'idea semplificata e dannosa che il conflitto sia uno stato inevitabile degli affari umani. Questo metodo di spiegazione in default è diventato la norma per comprendere tutto ciò che sta accadendo oggi nel mondo.
Die ungeteilte Vergangenheit der Menschheit jenseits unserer Unterschiede: ein Aufruf zur Neubewertung unserer cht auf die Geschichte Die menschliche Geschichte wird seit langem als Geschichte eines unaufhörlichen Konflikts zwischen Gruppen wahrgenommen, wobei jede Kategorie von Unterschieden - Religion, Nation, Klasse, Geschlecht, Rasse und Zivilisation - die Menschen in bestimmten Momenten stark motiviert. Wie David Cannadine in seinem provokanten neuen Buch Ungeteilte Vergangenheit argumentiert, waren diese Identitäten jedoch selten so deterministisch oder so unnachgiebig, wie wir vielleicht denken. Tatsächlich waren diese Unterschiede während eines Großteils der aufgezeichneten Zeit fließend und teilweise deckungsgleich, und fruchtbare Gespräche fanden über vermeintlich undurchdringliche Grenzen hinweg statt. Im Laufe der Geschichte gab es nie eine einfache und scharfe Trennung zwischen zwei gegensätzlichen Solidaritäten, sondern ein Zusammenspiel sich überschneidender Wahlkreise. Dennoch ist unser öffentlicher Diskurs polarisierter denn je, mit der vereinfachten und verderblichen Vorstellung, dass Konflikt ein unvermeidlicher Zustand der menschlichen Angelegenheiten ist. Diese Standardmethode der Erklärung ist zur Norm geworden, um alles zu verstehen, was heute in der Welt passiert.
העבר הבלתי מחולק של האנושות מעבר לחילוקי הדעות שלנו: קריאה להערכה מחדש כיצד אנו מסתכלים על ההיסטוריה האנושית נתפסה זה זמן רב כסיפור של סכסוך מתמשך בין קבוצות, עם כל קטגוריה של הבדל - דת, לאום, מעמד, מין, גזע וציוויליזציה - המניע מאוד אנשים בנקודות מסוימות. עם זאת, כפי שטוען דיוויד קנאדין בספרו הפרובוקטיבי החדש The Undivided Past, זהויות אלה רק לעתים נדירות היו קביעות או לא גמישות כמו שאנחנו חושבים. למעשה, במשך רוב הזמן המוקלט, הבדלים אלה היו נוזלים וחופפים, ושיחות פוריות התרחשו על פני גבולות לכאורה בלתי חדירים. לאורך ההיסטוריה, מעולם לא הייתה חלוקה פשוטה וחריפה בין שתי סולידריות מנוגדות, אלא משחק הדדי של בוחרים חופפים. עם זאת, השיח הציבורי שלנו מקוטב יותר מתמיד, עם הרעיון הפשטני והמזוויע שהסכסוך הוא המצב הבלתי-נמנע של העניינים האנושיים. שיטת ההסבר ברירת המחדל הזו הפכה לנורמה להבנת כל מה שקורה בעולם כיום.''
İnsanlığın Farklılıklarımızın Ötesindeki Bölünmemiş Geçmişi: Tarihe Nasıl Baktığımızı Yeniden Değerlendirme Çağrısı İnsanlık tarihi uzun zamandır gruplar arasında süregelen bir çatışma öyküsü olarak algılanıyor ve her bir farklılık kategorisi - din, ulus, sınıf, cinsiyet, ırk ve medeniyet - insanları belirli noktalarda güçlü bir şekilde motive ediyor. Bununla birlikte, David Cannadine'in kışkırtıcı yeni kitabında savunduğu gibi Bölünmemiş GeçmişBu kimlikler nadiren düşündüğümüz kadar belirleyici veya esnek olmamıştır. Aslında, kaydedilen zamanın çoğunda, bu farklılıklar akıcı ve örtüşüyordu ve sözde aşılmaz sınırlar boyunca verimli konuşmalar gerçekleşti. Tarih boyunca, herhangi iki karşıt dayanışma arasında basit ve sert bir bölünme olmadı, aksine örtüşen seçmenlerin bir etkileşimi oldu. Yine de kamusal söylemimiz, çatışmanın insan ilişkilerinin kaçınılmaz durumu olduğu basit ve zararlı fikri ile her zamankinden daha kutuplaşmış durumda. Bu varsayılan açıklama yöntemi, bugün dünyada olan her şeyi anlamak için bir norm haline gelmiştir.
ماضي البشرية غير المنقسم وراء اختلافاتنا: دعوة لإعادة تقييم كيف ننظر إلى التاريخ لطالما كان يُنظر إلى التاريخ البشري على أنه قصة صراع مستمر بين المجموعات، مع كل فئة من الاختلافات - الدين والأمة والطبقة والجنس والعرق والحضارة - تحفز الناس بقوة في نقاط معينة. ومع ذلك، كما يجادل ديفيد كانادين في كتابه الجديد الاستفزازي «الماضي غير المقسم»، نادرًا ما كانت هذه الهويات حاسمة أو غير مرنة كما نعتقد. في الواقع، خلال معظم الوقت المسجل، كانت هذه الاختلافات سلسة ومتداخلة، وحدثت محادثات مثمرة عبر حدود يُفترض أنها غير قابلة للاختراق. على مر التاريخ، لم يكن هناك أبدًا انقسام بسيط وحاد بين أي تضامنين متعارضين، بل كان هناك تفاعل بين الدوائر الانتخابية المتداخلة. ومع ذلك، فإن خطابنا العام أصبح أكثر استقطابًا من أي وقت مضى، مع فكرة مبسطة وخبيثة مفادها أن الصراع هو الحالة الحتمية للشؤون الإنسانية. أصبحت طريقة التفسير الافتراضية هذه هي القاعدة لفهم كل ما يحدث في العالم اليوم.
우리의 차이를 넘어 인류의 분열되지 않은 과거: 우리가 역사를 바라 보는 방법을 실현하라는 요구는 오랫동안 종교, 국가, 계급, 성별, 인종 및 문명-특정 시점에서 사람들에게 강력하게 동기를 부여합니다. 그러나 데이비드 카나 딘 (David Cannadine) 은 그의 도발적인 새 책 The Undivided Past에서 주장하는 것처럼, 이러한 정체성은 우리가 생각하는 것만 큼 결정적이거나 융통성이 없었습 실제로, 많은 기록 된 시간 동안, 이러한 차이는 유동적이고 겹치며, 유익한 대화는 아마도 뚫을 수없는 경계에서 일어났습니다. 역사를 통틀어 두 반대 연대 사이에는 단순하고 끔찍한 구분이 없었으며 오히려 겹치는 선거구의 상호 작용이었습니다. 그러나 우리의 공개 담론은 갈등이 불가피한 인간 문제라는 단순하고 악의적 인 생각으로 그 어느 때보 다 양극화되었습니다. 이 기본 설명 방법은 오늘날 세상에서 일어나고있는 모든 것을 이해하는 표준이되었습니다.
人類超越我們差異的不可分割的過去:要求重新評估我們看待歷史的方式。人類歷史長期以來一直被視為群體之間不斷沖突的歷史,每類差異-宗教,民族,階級,性別,種族和文明-都在某些時刻強烈激勵人們。但是,正如大衛·卡納丁(David Cannadine)在其挑釁性的新書《不可分割的過去》中指出的那樣,這些身份很少像我們想象的那樣具有決定性或不可阻擋性。實際上,在記錄的大部分時間裏,這些差異是平穩的,並且部分重疊,並且通過表面上不可滲透的邊界進行了富有成果的對話。縱觀歷史,任何兩個對立的團結之間從未有過簡單而尖銳的分離,而是相互交織的選區之間的相互作用。然而,我們的公共話語比以往任何時候都更加兩極分化,其簡單化和有害的想法是,沖突是人類事務的必然狀態。這種默認的解釋方式已成為理解當今世界發生的一切的規範。

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