BOOKS - Democratic Law in Classical Athens
Democratic Law in Classical Athens - Michael Gagarin March 17, 2020 PDF  BOOKS
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Democratic Law in Classical Athens
Author: Michael Gagarin
Year: March 17, 2020
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 2.3 MB
Language: English



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DEMOCRATIC LAW IN CLASSICAL ATHENS: AN EVOLUTIONARY JOURNEY TOWARDS JUSTICE AND UNIFICATION In his book, "Democratic Law in Classical Athens Michael Gagarin presents a unique perspective on the legal system of ancient Athens, challenging the traditional view that the system was nothing more than a rhetorical contest judged by uneducated citizens with no regard for law or justice. Instead, Gagarin argues that the Athenians incorporated various features into their legal process, including rules for interrogating slaves and swearing oaths, which were designed to ensure that the law served the needs of justice and the well-being of the city and its people. This comprehensive and wide-ranging approach to legal governance is what made the Athenian legal system truly democratic and effective. The Athenian legal system was unlike any other of its time, as it was completely controlled by ordinary citizens with no involvement from judges, lawyers, or jurists.
ДЕМОКРАТИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО В КЛАССИЧЕСКИХ АФИНАХ: ЭВОЛЮЦИОННОЕ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЕ К СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТИ И ОБЪЕДИНЕНИЮ В своей книге «Демократическое право в классических Афинах» Майкл Гагарин представляет уникальный взгляд на правовую систему древних Афин, оспаривая традиционное мнение о том, что система была не чем иным, как риторическим состязанием, оцениваемым необразованными гражданами без учета закона или справедливости. Вместо этого Гагарин утверждает, что афиняне включили в свой юридический процесс различные особенности, в том числе правила допроса рабов и клятвы, которые были призваны гарантировать, что закон служит потребностям правосудия и благополучия города и его народа. Этот всеобъемлющий и широкий подход к правовому управлению сделал афинскую правовую систему по-настоящему демократической и эффективной. Афинская правовая система была не похожа ни на одну другую своего времени, так как полностью контролировалась простыми гражданами без участия судей, юристов или юристов.
LA LOI DÉMOCRATIQUE DANS LES ATHÈNES CLASSIQUES : UN PARCOURS ÉVOLUTIF VERS LA JUSTICE ET L'UNIFICATION Dans son livre « La loi démocratique dans les Athènes classiques », Michael Gagarin présente une vision unique du système juridique des Athènes anciens, contestant l'opinion traditionnelle selon laquelle le système n'était rien d'autre qu'une compétition rhétorique évaluée par des citoyens sans éducation sans tenir compte de la loi ou de l'équité. Au lieu de cela, Gagarin affirme que les Athéniens ont inclus dans leur processus juridique diverses caractéristiques, y compris les règles d'interrogatoire des esclaves et les vœux, qui visaient à garantir que la loi répondait aux besoins de la justice et du bien-être de la ville et de son peuple. Cette approche globale et large de la gouvernance juridique a rendu le système juridique d'Athènes véritablement démocratique et efficace. système juridique athénien ne ressemblait à aucun autre de son époque, car il était entièrement contrôlé par des citoyens ordinaires sans la participation de juges, de juristes ou de juristes.
LA DERECHA DEMOCRÁTICA EN ATENAS CLÁSICA: EL VIAJE EVOLUTIVO HACIA LA JUSTICIA Y LA UNIFICACIÓN En su libro «La ley democrática en Atenas clásica», Michael Gagarin presenta una visión única del sistema jurídico de la antigua Atenas, desafiando la opinión tradicional de que el sistema no era más que un concurso retórico, evaluado por ciudadanos no educados sin tener en cuenta la ley o la justicia. En cambio, Gagarin sostiene que los atenienses incluyeron en su proceso legal diversas características, entre ellas las reglas para interrogar a los esclavos y los juramentos, que estaban diseñados para garantizar que la ley sirviera a las necesidades de justicia y bienestar de la ciudad y su pueblo. Este enfoque amplio y amplio de la gobernanza jurídica ha hecho que el sistema jurídico de Atenas sea verdaderamente democrático y eficaz. sistema jurídico ateniense no era como ningún otro de su época, ya que estaba totalmente controlado por ciudadanos comunes y corrientes sin la participación de jueces, abogados o juristas.
DIREITO DEMOCRÁTICO EM ATENAS CLÁSSICOS: Uma viagem evolutiva à justiça e à união, Michael Gagarin, em seu livro «Direito Democrático em Atenas Clássica», apresenta uma visão única sobre o sistema legal das antigas Atenas, contestando a opinião tradicional de que o sistema não era mais do que uma competição retórica avaliada por cidadãos desacompanhados, sem considerar a lei ou a justiça. Em vez disso, Gagarin afirma que os atenienses incluíram várias características no seu processo legal, incluindo regras para interrogar escravos e juramentos, que tinham como objetivo garantir que a lei servia às necessidades da justiça e do bem-estar da cidade e de seu povo. Esta abordagem abrangente e ampla da governança legal tornou o sistema jurídico de Atenas verdadeiramente democrático e eficiente. O sistema jurídico de Atenas era diferente de qualquer outro tempo, porque era totalmente controlado por cidadãos comuns, sem a presença de juízes, advogados ou advogados.
DIRITTO DEMOCRATICO NEGLI ATENEI CLASSICI: IL VIAGGIO EVOLUTIVO VERSO LA GIUSTIZIA E L'UNIONE Nel suo libro, «Il diritto democratico nelle classiche di Atene», Michael Gagarin presenta una visione unica del sistema giuridico degli antichi Atene, contestando l'idea tradizionale che il sistema non fosse altro che una competizione retorica valutata da cittadini sconsiderati senza la legge enza o la giustizia. Invece, Gagarin sostiene che gli atenei hanno inserito diverse caratteristiche nel loro processo legale, tra cui le regole per interrogare gli schiavi e i giuramenti, che erano destinati a garantire che la legge servisse alle esigenze della giustizia e del benessere della città e del suo popolo. Questo approccio completo e ampio alla gestione legale ha reso il sistema giuridico di Atene davvero democratico ed efficace. Il sistema giuridico di Atene non era come nessun altro del suo tempo, perché era completamente controllato da cittadini comuni senza la presenza di giudici, avvocati o avvocati.
DEMOKRATISCHES RECHT IM KLASSISCHEN ATHEN: EINE EVOLUTIONÄRE REISE ZU GERECHTIGKEIT UND VEREINIGUNG In seinem Buch „Demokratisches Recht im klassischen Athen“ präsentiert Michael Gagarin eine einzigartige cht auf das Rechtssystem des antiken Athen und stellt die traditionelle Ansicht in Frage, dass das System nichts anderes als ein rhetorischer Wettbewerb war, der von ungebildeten Bürgern ohne Rücksicht auf Recht oder Gerechtigkeit bewertet wurde. Stattdessen behauptet Gagarin, dass die Athener verschiedene Merkmale in ihren Rechtsprozess einbezogen haben, darunter Regeln für die Befragung von Sklaven und Eide, die sicherstellen sollten, dass das Gesetz den Bedürfnissen der Gerechtigkeit und dem Wohlergehen der Stadt und ihrer Menschen dient. Dieser umfassende und breit angelegte Ansatz der Rechtspflege hat das Athener Rechtssystem wirklich demokratisch und effizient gemacht. Das athenische Rechtssystem war anders als jedes andere seiner Zeit, da es vollständig von einfachen Bürgern ohne die Beteiligung von Richtern, Rechtsanwälten oder Juristen kontrolliert wurde.
החוק הדמוקרטי באתונה הקלאסית: מסע אבולוציוני לצדק ולאיחוד בספרו ”החוק הדמוקרטי באתונה הקלאסית”, מציג מיכאל גגארין השקפה ייחודית על המערכת המשפטית של אתונה העתיקה, וקורא תיגר על ההשקפה המסורתית כי המערכת אינה אלא תחרות רטורית שנשפטה על ידי אזרחים חסרי השכלה ללא התחשבות בחוק או צדק. במקום זאת, טוען גגארין כי האתונאים שילבו בתוכם מאפיינים שונים בהליך המשפטי, לרבות כללי חקירת עבדים ושבועות שנועדו להבטיח שהחוק ישרת את צורכי הצדק ואת רווחת העיר ותושביה. גישה מקיפה ורחבה זו לממשל משפטי הפכה את מערכת המשפט האתונאית לדמוקרטית ואפקטיבית באמת. מערכת המשפט האתונאית הייתה שונה מכל זמנה, שכן היא נשלטה לחלוטין על-ידי אזרחים מן השורה ללא השתתפות שופטים, עורכי-דין או עורכי-דין.''
Klasik Atina'da Demokratik Hukuk: Adalet ve Birleşmeye Evrimsel Bir Yolculuk Michael Gagarin, "Klasik Atina'da Demokratik Hukuk'adlı kitabında, antik Atina'nın hukuk sistemine benzersiz bir bakış açısı getirerek, sistemin hukuk veya adalet gözetmeksizin eğitimsiz vatandaşlar tarafından yargılanan retorik bir yarışmadan başka bir şey olmadığı geleneksel görüşüne meydan okuyor. Bunun yerine Gagarin, Atinalıların yasal süreçlerine, köle sorgulama kuralları ve yasanın adaletin ve şehrin ve halkının refahının ihtiyaçlarına hizmet etmesini sağlamayı amaçlayan yeminler de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli özellikler kattığını savunuyor. Yasal yönetime bu kapsamlı ve geniş yaklaşım, Atina hukuk sistemini gerçekten demokratik ve etkili hale getirmiştir. Atinalı hukuk sistemi, yargıçların, avukatların veya avukatların katılımı olmadan tamamen sıradan vatandaşlar tarafından kontrol edildiği için, zamanının hiçbirine benzemiyordu.
القانون الديمقراطي في أثينا الكلاسيكية: رحلة تطورية إلى العدالة والتوحيد يقدم مايكل جاجارين في كتابه «القانون الديمقراطي في أثينا الكلاسيكية» وجهة نظر فريدة للنظام القانوني لأثينا القديمة، متحديًا وجهة النظر التقليدية القائلة بأن النظام لم يكن أكثر من مجرد تنازع خطابي يحكم عليه مواطنون غير متعلمين دون اعتبار للقانون أو للعدالة. بدلاً من ذلك، يجادل غاغارين بأن الأثينيين أدرجوا سمات مختلفة في إجراءاتهم القانونية، بما في ذلك قواعد استجواب العبيد والقسم التي كانت تهدف إلى ضمان أن يخدم القانون احتياجات العدالة ورفاهية المدينة وشعبها. وقد جعل هذا النهج الشامل والواسع للحكم القانوني النظام القانوني الأثيني ديمقراطيا وفعالا حقا. وقال إن النظام القانوني الأثيني لا يختلف عن أي نظام آخر من وقته، لأنه يخضع تماما لسيطرة المواطنين العاديين دون مشاركة القضاة أو المحامين أو المحامين.
CLASSICAL ATHENS의 DEMOCRATIC LAW: 정의와 유니폼에 대한 전문적인 기회 Michael Gagarin은 그의 저서 "고전 아테네의 민주주의 법" 에서 고대 아테네의 법률 시스템에 대한 독특한 견해를 제시합니다 법이나 정의를 고려하십시오. 대신 가가린은 아테네 인들이 법이 정의의 필요와 도시와 국민의 복지에 도움이되도록하기위한 노예 심문 규칙과 맹세를 포함하여 다양한 기능을 법적 절차에 통합했다고 주장합니다. 법률 거버넌스에 대한이 포괄적이고 광범위한 접근 방식은 아테네 법률 시스템을 진정으로 민주적이고 아테네의 법률 시스템은 판사, 변호사 또는 변호사의 참여없이 일반 시민에 의해 완전히 통제되었으므로 다른 시대와는 달랐습니다.
古典雅典的民主權利:邁克爾·加加林(Michael Gagarin)在他的著作《古典雅典的民主法律》中提出了對古代雅典法律制度的獨特看法,挑戰了傳統觀點,即該制度不過是未經教育公民評估的修辭競賽,而沒有考慮法律。或正義。取而代之的是,加加林認為,雅典人在其法律程序中納入了各種特征,包括奴隸審訊規則和誓言,這些規則旨在確保法律滿足該市及其人民的正義和福祉需求。這種全面和廣泛的法律治理方法使雅典的法律制度真正民主和有效。雅典的法律制度與其他任何時代都不一樣,因為它完全由普通公民控制,沒有法官,律師或律師的參與。

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