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Police Reform in Mexico: Informal Politics and the Challenge of Institutional Change - Daniel Sabet May 2, 2012 PDF  BOOKS
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Police Reform in Mexico: Informal Politics and the Challenge of Institutional Change
Author: Daniel Sabet
Year: May 2, 2012
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 6.4 MB
Language: English



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Police Reform in Mexico: Informal Politics and the Challenge of Institutional Change In the early 1990s, the urgent need to professionalize Mexican law enforcement was acknowledged, yet despite the most well-intentioned promises from elected officials and police chiefs, few gains have been made in improving police integrity. This book seeks to answer why these reform efforts in Mexico have been largely unsuccessful by focusing on the country's municipal police, which comprises the largest percentage of its police forces. Organized crime poses a significant obstacle to institutional change, with criminal groups killing hundreds of local police in recent years. However, Daniel Sabet argues that the problems of Mexican policing are fundamentally issues of governance rather than organized crime. Reform efforts have suffered from policy design and implementation challenges, and informal political rules have prevented the continuity of reform initiatives across administrations, allowing patronage appointments to persist and undermining anticorruption efforts. Although many advances have been made in Mexican policing, weak horizontal and vertical accountability mechanisms have failed to create sufficient incentives for institutional change.
Реформа полиции в Мексике: неформальная политика и вызов институциональных изменений В начале 1990-х годов была признана настоятельная необходимость профессионализации мексиканских правоохранительных органов, однако, несмотря на самые благонамеренные обещания со стороны выборных должностных лиц и начальников полиции, мало что было сделано для повышения целостности полиции. Эта книга пытается ответить, почему эти усилия по реформированию в Мексике были в основном безуспешными, сосредоточив внимание на муниципальной полиции страны, которая составляет наибольший процент ее полицейских сил. Организованная преступность представляет собой значительное препятствие для институциональных изменений: в последние годы преступные группировки убили сотни местных полицейских. Однако Даниэль Сабет утверждает, что проблемы мексиканской полиции являются фундаментальными вопросами управления, а не организованной преступности. Усилия по реформированию страдают от проблем разработки и реализации политики, а неформальные политические правила препятствуют преемственности инициатив по реформированию в разных администрациях, что позволяет сохранять патронажные назначения и подрывает усилия по борьбе с коррупцией. Хотя в мексиканской полиции было достигнуто много успехов, слабые горизонтальные и вертикальные механизмы подотчетности не смогли создать достаточных стимулов для институциональных изменений.
La réforme de la police au Mexique : une politique informelle et un défi pour le changement institutionnel Au début des années 1990, la nécessité urgente de professionnaliser les forces de l'ordre mexicaines a été reconnue, mais malgré les promesses les plus bien intentionnées des élus et des chefs de police, peu a été fait pour améliorer l'intégrité de la police. Ce livre tente de répondre aux raisons pour lesquelles ces efforts de réforme au Mexique ont échoué, en se concentrant sur la police municipale du pays, qui représente le pourcentage le plus élevé de ses forces de police. crime organisé constitue un obstacle important au changement institutionnel : ces dernières années, des groupes criminels ont tué des centaines de policiers locaux. Cependant, Daniel Sabet affirme que les problèmes de la police mexicaine sont des questions fondamentales de gouvernance et non de crime organisé. s efforts de réforme se heurtent à des problèmes d'élaboration et de mise en œuvre des politiques, et les règles de politique informelle entravent la continuité des initiatives de réforme dans les différentes administrations, ce qui permet de maintenir les nominations et sape les efforts de lutte contre la corruption. Bien que de nombreux progrès aient été réalisés dans la police mexicaine, la faiblesse des mécanismes horizontaux et verticaux de responsabilisation n'a pas permis d'encourager suffisamment le changement institutionnel.
Reforma policial en México: política informal y desafío al cambio institucional A principios de la década de 1990 se reconoció la urgencia de profesionalizar las fuerzas del orden mexicanas, sin embargo, a pesar de las promesas más bienintencionadas de funcionarios electos y jefes de policía, poco se hizo para mejorar la integridad de la policía. Este libro trata de responder por qué estos esfuerzos de reforma en México han sido en su mayoría infructuosos, centrándose en la policía municipal del país, que representa el mayor porcentaje de su fuerza policial. crimen organizado representa un obstáculo significativo para el cambio institucional: en los últimos , las bandas criminales han matado a cientos de policías locales. n embargo, Daniel Sabet sostiene que los problemas de la policía mexicana son temas fundamentales de gobernabilidad y no del crimen organizado. esfuerzos de reforma se ven afectados por problemas de formulación y aplicación de políticas, y las normas de política informales obstaculizan la continuidad de las iniciativas de reforma en las distintas administraciones, lo que permite mantener los nombramientos de mecenas y socava los esfuerzos de lucha contra la corrupción. Aunque se han logrado muchos avances en la policía mexicana, los débiles mecanismos horizontales y verticales de rendición de cuentas no han logrado generar suficientes incentivos para el cambio institucional.
Reforma da polícia no México: política informal e desafio de mudanças institucionais No início dos anos 1990, foi reconhecida a necessidade urgente de profissionalizar as forças da ordem mexicanas, mas, apesar das promessas mais bem intencionadas de agentes eleitorais e chefes de polícia, pouco foi feito para melhorar a integridade da polícia. Este livro está a tentar responder por que os esforços de reforma no México foram na maior parte um fracasso, com foco na polícia municipal do país, que representa a maior porcentagem da sua força policial. O crime organizado representa um grande obstáculo às mudanças institucionais, com a morte de centenas de polícias locais nos últimos anos. No entanto, Daniel Sabet afirma que os problemas da polícia mexicana são questões fundamentais de governança e não de crime organizado. Os esforços de reforma sofrem com os desafios da formulação e implementação de políticas, e as regras políticas informais impedem a continuidade das iniciativas de reforma em diferentes administrações, permitindo a preservação das atribuições e minando os esforços de combate à corrupção. Embora a polícia mexicana tenha feito muitos progressos, os fracos mecanismos horizontais e verticais de responsabilização não foram capazes de criar incentivos suficientes para mudanças institucionais.
Riforma della polizia in Messico: politica informale e sfida dei cambiamenti istituzionali Nei primi annì 90 è stata riconosciuta l'urgenza di professionalizzare le forze dell'ordine messicane, ma nonostante le promesse più premeditate da parte di funzionari eletti e capi di polizia, poco è stato fatto per migliorare l'integrità della polizia. Questo libro cerca di spiegare perché questi sforzi di riforma in Messico sono stati in gran parte fallimentari, concentrandosi sulla polizia municipale del paese, che rappresenta la percentuale più alta della sua forza di polizia. La criminalità organizzata rappresenta un ostacolo significativo al cambiamento istituzionale, con centinaia di agenti di polizia locali uccisi negli ultimi anni. Ma Daniel Sabet sostiene che i problemi della polizia messicana sono questioni fondamentali per la gestione e non per la criminalità organizzata. Gli sforzi di riforma soffrono di problemi di sviluppo e attuazione delle politiche, mentre le politiche informali ostacolano la continuità delle iniziative di riforma nelle varie amministrazioni, consentendo il mantenimento delle nomine e compromettendo gli sforzi contro la corruzione. Sebbene la polizia messicana abbia fatto molti progressi, i deboli meccanismi orizzontali e verticali di responsabilizzazione non sono riusciti a creare incentivi sufficienti per il cambiamento istituzionale.
Polizeireform in Mexiko: informelle Politik und die Herausforderung institutioneller Veränderungen Anfang der 1990er Jahre wurde die dringende Notwendigkeit einer Professionalisierung der mexikanischen Strafverfolgungsbehörden erkannt, doch trotz der wohlmeinendsten Versprechungen von gewählten Beamten und Polizeichefs wurde wenig getan, um die Integrität der Polizei zu verbessern. Dieses Buch versucht zu beantworten, warum diese Reformbemühungen in Mexiko weitgehend erfolglos waren, indem es sich auf die Stadtpolizei des Landes konzentriert, die den größten Prozentsatz seiner Polizeikräfte ausmacht. Die organisierte Kriminalität stellt ein erhebliches Hindernis für den institutionellen Wandel dar: In den letzten Jahren haben kriminelle Banden Hunderte von Polizisten vor Ort getötet. Daniel Sabet argumentiert jedoch, dass die Probleme der mexikanischen Polizei grundlegende Fragen des Managements und nicht des organisierten Verbrechens sind. Die Reformbemühungen leiden unter den Herausforderungen der Politikgestaltung und -umsetzung, und informelle politische Regelungen behindern die Kontinuität der Reforminitiativen in den verschiedenen Verwaltungen, was die Beibehaltung von Patronatsernennungen ermöglicht und die Bemühungen zur Korruptionsbekämpfung untergräbt. Obwohl in der mexikanischen Polizei viele Fortschritte erzielt wurden, konnten schwache horizontale und vertikale Rechenschaftsmechanismen keine ausreichenden Anreize für institutionelle Veränderungen schaffen.
רפורמה במשטרת מקסיקו: פוליטיקה בלתי פורמלית והאתגר של שינוי מוסדי בתחילת שנות ה-90, הצורך הדחוף במקצועיות אכיפת החוק המקסיקנית הוכר, עם זאת, למרות הבטחות מכוונות טובות ביותר מצד נבחרי ציבור וראשי משטרה, מעט נעשה כדי לשפר את תקינות המשטרה. ספר זה מנסה לענות מדוע מאמצי הרפורמה במקסיקו נכשלו במידה רבה, תוך התמקדות במשטרה העירונית של המדינה, המהווה את האחוז הגדול ביותר של כוח המשטרה שלה. הפשע המאורגן מהווה מכשול משמעותי לשינוי המוסדי, כאשר כנופיות פשע הורגות מאות שוטרים מקומיים בשנים האחרונות. עם זאת, דניאל סבט טוען שהבעיות של המשטרה המקסיקנית הן סוגיות בסיסיות של ממשל, לא פשע מאורגן. מאמצי הרפורמה מוטרדים מאתגרי פיתוח מדיניות ויישום, וכללי מדיניות לא פורמליים מעכבים את המשכיות יוזמות הרפורמה על פני ממשלים, ומאפשרים לקיים מינויים לפטרונות ולערער את מאמצי האנטי-שחיתות. למרות שהצלחות רבות הושגו במסגרת המשטרה המקסיקנית, מנגנוני אחריות אופקיים ואנכיים חלשים לא הצליחו ליצור תמריצים מספיקים לשינוי מוסדי.''
Meksika'da Polis Reformu: Enformel yaset ve Kurumsal Değişimin Meydan Okuması 1990'ların başında, Meksika kolluk kuvvetlerinin profesyonelleştirilmesi için acil ihtiyaç kabul edildi, ancak seçilmiş yetkililerin ve polis şeflerinin en iyi niyetli sözlerine rağmen, polis bütünlüğünü iyileştirmek için çok az şey yapıldı. Bu kitap, Meksika'daki bu reform çabalarının neden büyük ölçüde başarısız olduğunu, ülkenin polis gücünün en büyük yüzdesini oluşturan belediye polisine odaklanarak cevaplamaya çalışıyor. Organize suç, son yıllarda suç çetelerinin yüzlerce yerel polis memurunu öldürmesiyle kurumsal değişimin önünde önemli bir engel teşkil ediyor. Ancak Daniel Sabet, Meksika polisinin sorunlarının organize suç değil, yönetişimin temel sorunları olduğunu savunuyor. Reform çabaları, politika geliştirme ve uygulama zorluklarından etkilenmektedir ve gayri resmi politika kuralları, idareler arasında reform girişimlerinin sürekliliğini engellemekte, patronaj atamalarının sürdürülmesine ve yolsuzlukla mücadele çabalarının baltalanmasına izin vermektedir. Meksika polisi içinde birçok başarı elde edilmesine rağmen, zayıf yatay ve dikey hesap verebilirlik mekanizmaları kurumsal değişim için yeterli teşvik yaratamadı.
إصلاح الشرطة في المكسيك: السياسة غير الرسمية وتحدي التغيير المؤسسي في أوائل التسعينات، تم الاعتراف بالحاجة الملحة إلى إضفاء الطابع المهني على إنفاذ القانون المكسيكي، ومع ذلك، على الرغم من الوعود الأكثر حسن النية من المسؤولين المنتخبين ورؤساء الشرطة، لم يتم عمل الكثير لتحسين نزاهة الشرطة. يحاول هذا الكتاب الإجابة عن سبب فشل جهود الإصلاح هذه في المكسيك إلى حد كبير، مع التركيز على الشرطة البلدية في البلاد، والتي تشكل أكبر نسبة من قوة الشرطة. تشكل الجريمة المنظمة عقبة كبيرة أمام التغيير المؤسسي، حيث قتلت العصابات الإجرامية مئات من ضباط الشرطة المحلية في السنوات الأخيرة. ومع ذلك، يجادل دانيال سابيت بأن مشاكل الشرطة المكسيكية هي قضايا أساسية للحكم وليست الجريمة المنظمة. وتعاني جهود الإصلاح من تحديات في مجال وضع السياسات وتنفيذها، وتعوق قواعد السياسات غير الرسمية استمرارية مبادرات الإصلاح عبر الإدارات، مما يسمح بالإبقاء على تعيينات المحسوبية ويقوض جهود مكافحة الفساد. وعلى الرغم من تحقيق العديد من النجاحات داخل الشرطة المكسيكية، فإن ضعف آليات المساءلة الأفقية والرأسية لم يخلق حوافز كافية للتغيير المؤسسي.
멕시코의 경찰 개혁: 비공식 정치와 제도적 변화의 도전 1990 년대 초, 멕시코 법 집행을 전문화해야 할 긴급한 필요성이 인정되었지만, 선출 된 공무원과 경찰서장의 가장 의도적 인 약속에도 불구하고 경찰의 청렴성을 향상시키기 위해. 이 책은 멕시코에서의 이러한 개혁 노력이 왜 경찰의 가장 큰 비율을 차지하는시의 경찰에 초점을 맞추면서 크게 실패했는지에 대한 답을 시도합니다. 조직 범죄는 최근 몇 년간 수백 명의 지역 경찰관을 살해 한 범죄 조직과 함께 제도적 변화에 중대한 장애물이되고 있습니다. 그러나 Daniel Sabet은 멕시코 경찰의 문제는 조직 범죄가 아니라 거버넌스의 근본적인 문제라고 주장합니다. 개혁 노력은 정책 개발과 이행 문제에 시달리고 있으며, 비공식 정책 규칙은 행정부 전체의 개혁 이니셔티브의 연속성을 방해하여 후원 약속을 유지하고 반부패 노력을 약화시킬 수 있습니다. 멕시코 경찰 내에서 많은 성공을 거두었지만 약한 수평 및 수직 책임 메커니즘은 제도적 변화에 대한 충분한 인센티브를 창출하지 못했습니
墨西哥的警察改革:非正式政策和體制改革的挑戰在1990代初期認識到迫切需要使墨西哥的執法機構專業化,但盡管民選官員和警察局長作出了最好的承諾,但在提高警察的完整性方面卻沒有取得什麼進展。這本書試圖回答為什麼墨西哥的改革工作基本上沒有成功,重點放在該國市政警察上,而市政警察占墨西哥警察部隊的最大比例。有組織犯罪是體制變革的一個重大障礙:近來,犯罪團夥殺害了數百名當地警察。但是,丹尼爾·薩貝特(Daniel Sabet)認為,墨西哥警察的問題是治理而不是有組織犯罪的基本問題。改革努力受到政策制定和執行問題的影響,非正式政策規則阻礙了不同行政部門改革舉措的連續性,從而保持了支持性任命,破壞了反腐敗努力。盡管墨西哥警察取得了許多進展,但薄弱的橫向和縱向問責機制未能為體制變革提供足夠的激勵。

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