BOOKS - Justification Without Awareness: A Defense of Epistemic Externalism
Justification Without Awareness: A Defense of Epistemic Externalism - Michael Bergmann January 1, 2006 PDF  BOOKS
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Justification Without Awareness: A Defense of Epistemic Externalism
Author: Michael Bergmann
Year: January 1, 2006
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 1.4 MB
Language: English



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Justification Without Awareness - A Defense of Epistemic Externalism In his thought-provoking book, "Justification Without Awareness: A Defense of Epistemic Externalism Michael Bergmann presents a compelling case against internalism, an epistemological theory that posits that beliefs must be accompanied by awareness of their justifying factors to be considered truly justified. Instead, Bergmann argues for externalism, which suggests that beliefs can be justified without conscious awareness of their supporting evidence. This work is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired. The Plot Bergmann begins by outlining the central tenets of internalism and externalism, providing readers with a clear understanding of these competing theories. He then delves into the limitations of internalism, highlighting its failure to account for everyday belief formation processes and the challenges of reconciling subjective experience with objective truth. In contrast, he presents externalism as a more comprehensive and practical framework for understanding knowledge acquisition. The author's primary argument revolves around the idea that justification does not require awareness of the evidence supporting a belief.
Justification Without Awareness - A Defense of Epistemic Externalism В своей книге «Justification Without Awareness: A Defense of Epistemic Externalism» Майкл Бергманн представляет убедительные аргументы против интернализма, эпистемологической теории, которая утверждает, что убеждения должны сопровождаться осознанием их оправдывающих факторов, чтобы считаться действительно оправданными. Вместо этого Бергманн выступает за экстернализм, который предполагает, что убеждения могут быть оправданы без осознанного осознания их подтверждающих доказательств. Эта работа обязательна к прочтению для всех, кто заинтересован в понимании природы знаний и того, как они приобретаются. Сюжет Бергманна начинается с изложения центральных постулатов интернализма и экстернализма, предоставляя читателям ясное понимание этих конкурирующих теорий. Затем он углубляется в ограничения интернализма, подчеркивая его неспособность учесть повседневные процессы формирования убеждений и проблемы согласования субъективного опыта с объективной истиной. Напротив, он представляет экстернализм как более всеобъемлющую и практическую основу для понимания получения знаний. Основной аргумент автора вращается вокруг идеи, что оправдание не требует осознания доказательств, подтверждающих веру.
Justification Without Awareness - A Defense of Epistemic Externalism Dans son livre Justice Without Awareness : A Defense of Epistemic Externalism, Michael Bergmann présente des arguments convaincants contre l'internalisme, la théorie épistémologique, qui fait valoir que les convictions doivent être accompagnées d'une prise de conscience de leurs facteurs justificatifs pour être considérées comme réellement justifiées. Au lieu de cela, Bergmann prône l'externalisme, qui suggère que les convictions peuvent être justifiées sans que leurs preuves soient consciemment informées. Ce travail est obligatoire pour tous ceux qui sont intéressés à comprendre la nature du savoir et comment il est acquis. L'histoire de Bergmann commence par une présentation des postulats centraux de l'internalisme et de l'externalisme, fournissant aux lecteurs une compréhension claire de ces théories concurrentes. Il se penche ensuite sur les limites de l'internalisme, soulignant son incapacité à prendre en compte les processus quotidiens de formation des croyances et les problèmes d'alignement de l'expérience subjective avec la vérité objective. Au contraire, il présente l'externalisme comme une base plus complète et pratique pour comprendre l'acquisition de connaissances. L'argument principal de l'auteur tourne autour de l'idée que la justification ne nécessite pas la connaissance de preuves qui confirment la foi.
Justicia n Awareness - A Defense of Epistemic Externalism En su libro Justification Without Awareness: A Defense of Epistemic Externalism el gmann presenta argumentos convincentes contra el internalismo, una teoría epistemológica que sostiene que las creencias deben ir acompañadas de la conciencia de sus factores justificativos para ser consideradas realmente justificadas. En cambio, Bergmann aboga por el externalismo, que sugiere que las creencias pueden justificarse sin una conciencia consciente de sus pruebas de apoyo. Este trabajo es de lectura obligatoria para todos los interesados en comprender la naturaleza del conocimiento y cómo se adquiere. La trama de Bergmann comienza con la presentación de los postulados centrales del internalismo y el externalismo, proporcionando a los lectores una comprensión clara de estas teorías rivales. A continuación, profundiza en las limitaciones del internalismo, destacando su incapacidad para tener en cuenta los procesos cotidianos de formación de creencias y los problemas de compatibilizar la experiencia subjetiva con la verdad objetiva. Por el contrario, presenta el externalismo como una base más amplia y práctica para entender la adquisición de conocimiento. argumento principal del autor gira en torno a la idea de que la justificación no requiere la realización de pruebas que sustenten la fe.
Justition Without Awareness - A Defense of Epidemic Esternalism Michael Bergmann presenta argomenti convincenti contro l'internalismo, la teoria epistemologica che sostiene che le convinzioni devono essere accompagnate dalla consapevolezza dei loro fattori giustificativi per essere considerate davvero giustificabili. Bergmann è invece favorevole all'esternalismo, che suggerisce che le convinzioni possono essere giustificate senza una consapevolezza consapevole delle loro prove confermative. Questo lavoro è obbligatorio per tutti coloro che sono interessati a comprendere la natura della conoscenza e come vengono acquisiti. La storia di Bergmann inizia con la narrazione dei postulati centrali dell'internalismo e dell'esternalismo, fornendo ai lettori una chiara comprensione di queste teorie concorrenti. Poi si approfondisce nelle limitazioni dell'internalismo, sottolineando la sua incapacità di tenere conto dei processi quotidiani di creazione delle convinzioni e dei problemi di coerenza dell'esperienza soggettiva con la verità oggettiva. Al contrario, rappresenta l'esternalismo come una base più completa e pratica per la comprensione della conoscenza. L'argomento principale dell'autore ruota intorno all'idea che l'assoluzione non richiede la consapevolezza delle prove che dimostrano la fede.
Justification Without Awareness - A Defense of Epistemic Externalism In seinem Buch „Justification Without Awareness: A Defense of Epistemic Externalism“ präsentiert Michael Bergmann überzeugende Argumente gegen den Internalismus, eine epistemologische Theorie, die argumentiert, dass Überzeugungen mit dem Bewusstsein ihrer rechtfertigenden Faktoren einhergehen müssen, um als wirklich gerechtfertigt angesehen zu werden. Stattdessen plädiert Bergmann für einen Externalismus, der suggeriert, dass Überzeugungen gerechtfertigt werden können, ohne sich bewusst ihrer unterstützenden Beweise bewusst zu sein. Diese Arbeit ist ein Muss für alle, die daran interessiert sind, die Natur des Wissens und die Art und Weise, wie es erworben wird, zu verstehen. Bergmanns Handlung beginnt mit der Darstellung zentraler Postulate von Internalismus und Externalismus, die den sern ein klares Verständnis dieser konkurrierenden Theorien vermitteln. Dann geht er tiefer in die Grenzen des Internalismus und betont seine Unfähigkeit, die alltäglichen Prozesse der Glaubensbildung und die Probleme der Vereinbarkeit subjektiver Erfahrungen mit objektiver Wahrheit zu berücksichtigen. Im Gegenteil, sie stellt den Externalismus als umfassendere und praktischere Grundlage für das Verständnis des Erkenntnisgewinns dar. Das Hauptargument des Autors dreht sich um die Idee, dass die Rechtfertigung kein Bewusstsein für Beweise erfordert, die den Glauben stützen.
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Farkındalık Olmadan Gerekçelendirme - Epistemik Dışsalcılığın Bir Savunması Michael Bergmann, "Farkındalık Olmadan Gerekçelendirme: Epistemik Dışsalcılığın Bir Savunması'adlı kitabında, gerçekten haklı sayılabilmek için inançların haklı faktörlerinin farkındalığının eşlik etmesi gerektiğini savunan epistemolojik bir teori olan içselciliğe karşı zorlayıcı argümanlar sunar. Bunun yerine Bergmann, inançların destekleyici kanıtlarının bilinçli bir farkındalığı olmadan haklı çıkarılabileceğini öne süren dışsalcılığı savunuyor. Bu çalışma, bilginin doğasını ve nasıl edinildiğini anlamakla ilgilenen herkes için okunması gereken bir eserdir. Bergmann'ın konusu, içselcilik ve dışsalcılığın temel ilkelerini özetleyerek başlar ve okuyuculara bu rakip teorileri net bir şekilde anlamalarını sağlar. Daha sonra, internalizmin sınırlamalarını inceleyerek, günlük inanç oluşturma süreçlerini ve öznel deneyimi nesnel gerçekle uzlaştırma sorunlarını hesaba katamadığını vurgulamaktadır. Bunun yerine, dışsalcılığı bilgi edinimini anlamak için daha kapsamlı ve pratik bir çerçeve olarak sunar. Yazarın ana argümanı, gerekçelendirmenin imanı destekleyen kanıtların farkındalığını gerektirmediği fikri etrafında döner.
تبرير بدون وعي - دفاع عن الخارجية المعرفية في كتابه «تبرير بدون وعي: دفاع عن الخارجية المعرفية»، يقدم مايكل بيرجمان حججًا مقنعة ضد الداخلية، وهي نظرية معرفية تجادل بأن المعتقدات يجب أن تكون مصحوبة بوعي بتبريرها من أجل اعتبارها مبررة حقا. بدلاً من ذلك، يدعو بيرغمان إلى النزعة الخارجية، مما يشير إلى أنه يمكن تبرير المعتقدات دون وعي مستنير بأدلتها الداعمة. هذا العمل يجب قراءته لأي شخص مهتم بفهم طبيعة المعرفة وكيفية اكتسابها. تبدأ حبكة بيرجمان بتحديد المبادئ المركزية للداخلية والخارجية، وتزويد القراء بفهم واضح لهذه النظريات المتنافسة. ثم يتعمق في قيود الداخلية، ويسلط الضوء على عدم قدرتها على حساب عمليات تشكيل المعتقدات اليومية ومشاكل التوفيق بين التجربة الذاتية والحقيقة الموضوعية. بدلاً من ذلك، يقدم النزعة الخارجية كإطار أكثر شمولاً وعملية لفهم اكتساب المعرفة. تدور الحجة الرئيسية للمؤلف حول فكرة أن التبرير لا يتطلب الوعي بالأدلة الداعمة للإيمان.

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