BOOKS - Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justice in the New American Republic
Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justice in the New American Republic - Tom Cutterham June 27, 2017 PDF  BOOKS
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Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justice in the New American Republic
Author: Tom Cutterham
Year: June 27, 2017
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 680 KB
Language: English



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Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justice in the New American Republic In the years following the Revolutionary War, a group of wealthy and influential individuals known as "gentlemen" shaped the ideologies and institutions of the newly formed United States. These men, who comprised the independent nation's elite, included merchants, lawyers, planters, and landowners. As Tom Cutterham explains in his book, Gentlemen Revolutionaries, these individuals worked tirelessly to maintain their positions of power and status within society. The gentlemen were faced with challenges from populist movements and the threat of foreign empires, which led them to develop new ways of justifying economic and political inequality in a republican society. At the heart of their ideology was a regime of property and contract rights, derived from the norms of international commerce and 18th-century jurisprudence. However, these individuals were not solely focused on property ownership; they also sought personal prestige and cultural preeminence. To achieve their goals, the gentlemen constructed a vision of proper social order around their own fantasies of power and justice. They argued that the survival of the republican experiment in the United States depended on the leadership of worthy gentlemen and the obedience of everyone else. Through pamphlets, speeches, letters, and poetry, they recast the new republic in their own image, solidifying their positions of power and influence.
Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justice in the New American Republic В годы после войны за независимость группа богатых и влиятельных людей, известных как «джентльмены», сформировали идеологии и институты новообразованных Соединенных Штатов. Среди них были торговцы, юристы, плантаторы и землевладельцы. Как объясняет Том Каттерхэм в своей книге «Джентльмены-революционеры», эти личности неустанно трудились, чтобы сохранить свои властные позиции и статус внутри общества. Господа столкнулись с вызовами популистских движений и угрозой иностранных империй, что привело их к разработке новых способов оправдания экономического и политического неравенства в республиканском обществе. В основе их идеологии лежал режим имущественных и договорных прав, выведенный из норм международной торговли и юриспруденции XVIII века. Однако эти лица не были сосредоточены исключительно на владении собственностью; они также стремились к личному престижу и культурному превосходству. Для достижения своих целей джентльмены сконструировали видение правильного общественного порядка вокруг собственных фантазий о власти и справедливости. Они утверждали, что выживание республиканского эксперимента в США зависит от лидерства достойных господ и послушания всех остальных. Посредством памфлетов, речей, писем и стихов они переделывают новую республику в свой собственный образ, укрепляя свои позиции власти и влияния.
Gentlemen Revolutionaries : Power and Justice in the New American Republic Dans les années qui ont suivi la guerre d'indépendance, un groupe de personnes riches et influentes, connues sous le nom de « messieurs », ont formé les idéologies et les institutions des États-Unis nouvellement formés. Parmi eux figuraient des commerçants, des avocats, des planteurs et des propriétaires fonciers. Comme l'explique Tom Cutterham dans son livre Messieurs révolutionnaires, ces personnalités ont travaillé sans relâche pour maintenir leur position et leur statut au sein de la société. s messieurs ont été confrontés aux défis des mouvements populistes et à la menace des empires étrangers, ce qui les a conduits à développer de nouvelles façons de justifier les inégalités économiques et politiques dans la société républicaine. ur idéologie était fondée sur le régime des droits de propriété et des droits contractuels, issu des normes du commerce international et de la jurisprudence du XVIII siècle. Toutefois, ces personnes ne se concentraient pas uniquement sur la propriété ; ils aspiraient également au prestige personnel et à la supériorité culturelle. Pour atteindre leurs objectifs, les messieurs ont conçu une vision du bon ordre social autour de leurs propres fantasmes de pouvoir et de justice. Ils ont affirmé que la survie de l'expérience républicaine aux États-Unis dépendait du leadership et de l'obéissance de tous les autres. Par des pamphlets, des discours, des lettres et des poèmes, ils transforment la nouvelle république en une image propre, renforçant leur position de pouvoir et d'influence.
Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justice in the New American Republic En los posteriores a la Guerra de Independencia, un grupo de ricos e influyentes conocidos como «caballeros» formaron las ideologías e instituciones de los recién formados Estados Unidos. Entre ellos se encontraban comerciantes, abogados, plantadores y terratenientes. Como explica Tom Cutterham en su libro «Caballeros Revolucionarios», estas personalidades trabajaron incansablemente para mantener sus posiciones de poder y estatus dentro de la sociedad. señores se enfrentaron a los desafíos de los movimientos populistas y a la amenaza de imperios extranjeros, lo que les llevó a desarrollar nuevas formas de justificar las desigualdades económicas y políticas en la sociedad republicana. Su ideología se basaba en un régimen de derechos de propiedad y contractuales derivado de las normas del comercio internacional y la jurisprudencia del siglo XVIII. n embargo, estas personas no se centraban exclusivamente en la propiedad; también buscaban prestigio personal y superioridad cultural. Para lograr sus objetivos, los caballeros construyeron una visión del orden social correcto en torno a sus propias fantasías de poder y justicia. Argumentaron que la supervivencia del experimento republicano en Estados Unidos depende del liderazgo de señores dignos y de la obediencia de todos los demás. A través de panfletos, discursos, cartas y poemas, rehacen la nueva república en su propia imagen, consolidando su posición de poder e influencia.
Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justiça in the New American Republic Nos anos seguintes à guerra pela independência, um grupo de ricos e poderosos conhecidos como «cavalheiros» formaram ideologias e instituições dos novos Estados Unidos. Entre eles estavam comerciantes, advogados, plantadores e proprietários de terras. Como explica Tom Cutterham em seu livro «Senhores Revolucionários», essas personalidades trabalharam incansavelmente para manter suas posições de poder e status dentro da sociedade. Os senhores enfrentaram os desafios dos movimentos populistas e a ameaça dos impérios estrangeiros, o que os levou a desenvolver novas formas de justificar as desigualdades econômicas e políticas na sociedade republicana. Sua ideologia baseia-se no regime dos direitos patrimoniais e contratuais, retirado das normas do comércio internacional e da jurisprudência do século XVIII. No entanto, esses indivíduos não estavam apenas focados na propriedade; também procuraram o prestígio pessoal e a excelência cultural. Para alcançar os seus objetivos, os senhores construíram uma visão da ordem pública correta em torno das suas próprias fantasias de poder e justiça. Eles alegaram que a sobrevivência da experiência republicana nos EUA depende da liderança de senhores dignos e da obediência de todos os outros. Através de panfletários, discursos, cartas e poemas, transformam a nova república em sua própria imagem, fortalecendo sua posição de poder e influência.
Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Power and Justice in the New American Republic Negli anni successivi alla guerra di indipendenza, un gruppo di persone ricche e potenti, conosciute come «signori», hanno formato ideologie e istituzioni degli Stati Uniti appena formati. Tra loro c'erano commercianti, avvocati, piantagioni e proprietari. Come spiega Tom Cutterham nel suo libro «gnori Rivoluzionari», queste personalità hanno lavorato senza sosta per mantenere la loro posizione di potere e di status all'interno della società. I signori hanno affrontato le sfide dei movimenti populisti e la minaccia degli imperi stranieri, che li hanno portati a sviluppare nuovi modi per giustificare le disuguaglianze economiche e politiche nella società repubblicana. La loro ideologia era fondata su un regime di diritti patrimoniali e contrattuali derivante dalle norme del commercio internazionale e della giurisprudenza del XVIII secolo. Tuttavia, queste persone non erano concentrate esclusivamente sulla proprietà della proprietà; hanno anche cercato il prestigio personale e la supremazia culturale. Per raggiungere i loro obiettivi, i signori hanno sviluppato una visione del giusto ordine pubblico intorno alla loro fantasia di potere e giustizia. Sostenevano che la sopravvivenza dell'esperimento repubblicano negli Stati Uniti dipendesse dalla leadership dei signori meritevoli e dall'obbedienza di tutti gli altri. Attraverso pamphlet, discorsi, lettere e poesie, trasformano la nuova repubblica in una sua immagine, rafforzando la loro posizione di potere e di influenza.
Gentlemen Revolutionaries: Macht und Gerechtigkeit in der Neuen Amerikanischen Republik In den Jahren nach dem Unabhängigkeitskrieg formte eine Gruppe reicher und einflussreicher Männer, die als „Gentlemen“ bekannt waren, die Ideologien und Institutionen der neu gegründeten Vereinigten Staaten. Darunter waren Händler, Anwälte, Pflanzer und Grundbesitzer. Wie Tom Catterham in seinem Buch Gentlemen Revolutionaries erklärt, haben diese Persönlichkeiten unermüdlich daran gearbeitet, ihre Machtpositionen und ihren Status innerhalb der Gesellschaft zu erhalten. Die Herren standen vor den Herausforderungen populistischer Bewegungen und der Bedrohung durch ausländische Imperien, was sie dazu veranlasste, neue Wege zu finden, um die wirtschaftliche und politische Ungleichheit in der republikanischen Gesellschaft zu rechtfertigen. Im Mittelpunkt ihrer Ideologie stand ein Regime von Eigentums- und Vertragsrechten, das aus den Normen des internationalen Handels und der Rechtsprechung des 18. Jahrhunderts abgeleitet wurde. Diese Personen konzentrierten sich jedoch nicht ausschließlich auf den Besitz der Immobilie; sie strebten auch nach persönlichem Prestige und kultureller Überlegenheit. Um ihre Ziele zu erreichen, konstruierten die Herren eine Vision der richtigen Gesellschaftsordnung um ihre eigenen Fantasien von Macht und Gerechtigkeit. e argumentierten, dass das Überleben des republikanischen Experiments in den USA von der Führung würdiger Herren und dem Gehorsam aller anderen abhängt. Durch Pamphlete, Reden, Briefe und Gedichte verwandeln sie die neue Republik in ihr eigenes Bild und festigen ihre Macht- und Einflusspositionen.
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Beyler Devrimciler: Yeni Amerikan Cumhuriyeti'nde Güç ve Adalet Devrim Savaşı'nı izleyen yıllarda, "beyler'olarak bilinen bir grup zengin ve güçlü adam, yeni kurulan Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin ideolojilerini ve kurumlarını şekillendirdi. Bunlar arasında tüccarlar, avukatlar, yetiştiriciler ve toprak sahipleri vardı. Tom Catterham'ın "The Gentlemen Revolutionaries" ("Centilmen Devrimciler") adlı kitabında açıkladığı gibi, bu bireyler toplum içindeki güç ve statülerini korumak için yorulmadan çalıştılar. Beyler, popülist hareketlerin zorlukları ve yabancı imparatorlukların tehdidi ile karşı karşıya kaldılar ve bu da cumhuriyetçi toplumda ekonomik ve politik eşitsizliği haklı çıkarmak için yeni yollar geliştirmelerine yol açtı. İdeolojileri, 18. yüzyılın uluslararası ticaret ve hukuk normlarından türetilen mülkiyet ve sözleşmeye dayalı haklar rejimine dayanıyordu. Bununla birlikte, bu kişiler yalnızca mülkiyet mülkiyetine odaklanmamıştır; Ayrıca kişisel prestij ve kültürel üstünlük arayışındaydılar. Amaçlarına ulaşmak için, beyler kendi iktidar ve adalet fantezileri etrafında doğru toplumsal düzen vizyonunu inşa ettiler. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki cumhuriyetçi deneyimin hayatta kalmasının, değerli ustaların liderliğine ve herkesin itaatine bağlı olduğunu savundular. Broşürler, konuşmalar, mektuplar ve şiirler aracılığıyla yeni cumhuriyeti kendi imgelerine dönüştürüyor, iktidar ve nüfuz konumlarını güçlendiriyorlar.
السادة الثوار: السلطة والعدالة في الجمهورية الأمريكية الجديدة في السنوات التي أعقبت الحرب الثورية، شكلت مجموعة من الرجال الأثرياء والأقوياء المعروفين باسم «السادة» أيديولوجيات ومؤسسات الولايات المتحدة المشكلة حديثًا. وشمل هؤلاء التجار والمحامين والمزارعين وملاك الأراضي. كما يوضح توم كاتيرهام في كتابه «الثوار السادة»، عمل هؤلاء الأفراد بلا كلل للحفاظ على مواقعهم في السلطة والمكانة داخل المجتمع. واجه السادة تحديات الحركات الشعبوية وتهديد الإمبراطوريات الأجنبية، مما دفعهم إلى تطوير طرق جديدة لتبرير عدم المساواة الاقتصادية والسياسية في المجتمع الجمهوري. استندت أيديولوجيتهم إلى نظام الملكية والحقوق التعاقدية، المستمدة من قواعد التجارة الدولية والاجتهاد القضائي في القرن الثامن عشر. غير أن هؤلاء الأفراد لم يركزوا فقط على ملكية الممتلكات ؛ كما سعوا للحصول على مكانة شخصية وتفوق ثقافي. لتحقيق أهدافهم، بنى السادة رؤية للنظام الاجتماعي الصحيح حول تخيلاتهم الخاصة في السلطة والعدالة. وجادلوا بأن بقاء التجربة الجمهورية في الولايات المتحدة يعتمد على قيادة السادة الجديرين وطاعة أي شخص آخر. من خلال الكتيبات والخطب والرسائل والقصائد، يقومون بإعادة تشكيل الجمهورية الجديدة في صورتهم الخاصة، وتعزيز مواقعهم في السلطة والنفوذ.

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