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The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City - And Determined the Future of American Cities - Joe Flood May 26, 2010 PDF  BOOKS
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The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City - And Determined the Future of American Cities
Author: Joe Flood
Year: May 26, 2010
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 4.8 MB
Language: English



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The Fires: How a Computer Formula Burned Down New York City and Determined the Future of American Cities In 1968, the city of New York was on the brink of economic collapse. In an effort to save millions of dollars and improve public services, the city turned to the RAND Corporation, a leading think tank known for its innovative military operations. The RAND boys, as they were called, presented an alluring proposal to the city's leaders, boasting their cutting-edge computer models that had been successfully implemented in high-level military operations. The proposal was too good to pass up, and a deal was struck for RAND to begin its first major civilian effort with the Fire Department of New York (FDNY). Over the next decade, the city experienced a series of devastating fires that swept through the South Bronx, the Lower East Side, Harlem, and Brooklyn, gutting whole neighborhoods and killing over two thousand people. These fires were not the result of arson, but rather the intentional withdrawal of fire protection from the city's poorest neighborhoods, based on RAND's computer modeling systems.
Пожары: Как компьютерная формула сожгла Нью-Йорк и определила будущее американских городов В 1968 году город Нью-Йорк оказался на грани экономического коллапса. Стремясь сэкономить миллионы долларов и улучшить государственные услуги, город обратился к корпорации RAND, ведущему аналитическому центру, известному своими инновационными военными операциями. Мальчики RAND, как их называли, представили заманчивое предложение руководителям города, похвалившись своими передовыми компьютерными моделями, которые были успешно реализованы в военных операциях высокого уровня. Предложение было слишком хорошим, чтобы отказаться, и RAND заключила сделку, чтобы начать свои первые крупные гражданские усилия с пожарным департаментом Нью-Йорка (FDNY). В течение следующего десятилетия город пережил серию разрушительных пожаров, которые охватили Южный Бронкс, Нижний Ист-Сайд, Гарлем и Бруклин, потрошив целые кварталы и убив более двух тысяч человек. Эти пожары были не результатом поджогов, а скорее намеренным выводом противопожарной защиты из беднейших районов города, основанной на системах компьютерного моделирования RAND.
Incendies : Comment la formule informatique a brûlé New York et déterminé l'avenir des villes américaines En 1968, la ville de New York était au bord de l'effondrement économique. Afin d'économiser des millions de dollars et d'améliorer les services publics, la Ville s'est tournée vers RAND Corporation, un groupe de réflexion de premier plan connu pour ses opérations militaires innovantes. s garçons de RAND, comme on les appelait, ont présenté une proposition tentante aux dirigeants de la ville, louant leurs modèles informatiques de pointe qui ont été mis en œuvre avec succès dans les opérations militaires de haut niveau. L'offre était trop bonne pour être refusée, et RAND a conclu une entente pour lancer son premier grand effort civil avec le New York Fire Department (FDNY). Au cours de la décennie suivante, la ville a connu une série d'incendies dévastateurs qui ont envahi le Bronx du Sud, le Lower East de, Harlem et Brooklyn, détruisant des quartiers entiers et tuant plus de deux mille personnes. Ces incendies n'ont pas été le résultat d'incendies, mais plutôt d'un retrait délibéré de la protection contre les incendies des quartiers les plus pauvres de la ville, basé sur les systèmes de modélisation informatique RAND.
Incendios: Cómo la fórmula informática quemó Nueva York y definió el futuro de las ciudades estadounidenses En 1968, la ciudad de Nueva York estaba al borde del colapso económico. En un esfuerzo por ahorrar millones de dólares y mejorar los servicios públicos, la ciudad recurrió a RAND Corporation, un centro de análisis líder conocido por sus innovadoras operaciones militares. chicos de la RAND, como se les llamaba, presentaron una tentadora propuesta a los ejecutivos de la ciudad, elogiando sus avanzados modelos informáticos, que fueron implementados con éxito en operaciones militares de alto nivel. La oferta fue demasiado buena para rechazarla y RAND hizo un trato para comenzar su primer gran esfuerzo civil con el Departamento de Bomberos de Nueva York (FDNY). Durante la siguiente década, la ciudad sufrió una serie de devastadores incendios que barrieron el sur del Bronx, el Lower East de, Harlem y Brooklyn, destripando barrios enteros y matando a más de dos mil personas. Estos incendios no fueron el resultado de incendios, sino más bien la retirada deliberada de la protección contra incendios de las zonas más pobres de la ciudad, basada en los sistemas de simulación por computadora RAND.
Incêndios: Como uma fórmula de computador queimou Nova Iorque e definiu o futuro das cidades americanas Em 1968, a cidade de Nova Iorque ficou à beira de um colapso económico. Com o objetivo de economizar milhões de dólares e melhorar os serviços públicos, a cidade procurou a RAND, uma empresa de análise conhecida por suas inovadoras operações militares. Os rapazes RAND, como eram chamados, apresentaram uma proposta tentadora aos líderes da cidade, elogiando seus modelos de computador avançados que foram implementados com sucesso em operações militares de alto nível. A oferta foi demasiado boa para recusar, e a RAND fez um acordo para iniciar o seu primeiro grande esforço civil com o Departamento de Bombeiros de Nova York (FDNY). Durante a década seguinte, a cidade sobreviveu a uma série de incêndios devastadores que atingiram o Sul do Bronx, Lower East de, Harlem e Brooklyn, esfregando bairros inteiros e matando mais de 2 mil pessoas. Estes incêndios não foram resultado de incêndios, mas sim de uma retirada deliberada de proteção contra incêndios dos bairros mais pobres da cidade, baseada em sistemas de simulação de computador RAND.
Incendi: Come la formula informatica bruciò New York e determinò il futuro delle città americane Nel 1968, la città di New York si trovò sull'orlo del collasso economico. Nel tentativo di risparmiare milioni di dollari e migliorare i servizi pubblici, la città si è rivolta a RAND, il principale centro di analisi noto per le sue innovative operazioni militari. I ragazzi RAND, come li chiamavano, hanno presentato una proposta allettante ai dirigenti della città, vantandosi dei loro modelli informatici avanzati che sono stati realizzati con successo in operazioni militari di alto livello. L'offerta era troppo buona per rifiutare e RAND ha concluso un accordo per iniziare il suo primo grande sforzo civile con il Dipartimento dei Vigili del Fuoco di New York (FDNY). Nel decennio successivo, la città ha vissuto una serie di incendi devastanti che hanno colpito il South Bronx, il Lower East de, Harlem e Brooklyn, sventrando interi quartieri e uccidendo più di duemila persone. Questi incendi non erano il risultato di incendi dolosi, ma piuttosto il ritiro intenzionale della protezione antincendio dai quartieri più poveri della città, basato sui sistemi di simulazione informatica RAND.
Brände: Wie eine Computerformel New York verbrannte und die Zukunft amerikanischer Städte bestimmte 1968 stand die Stadt New York kurz vor dem wirtschaftlichen Kollaps. Um Millionen von Dollar zu sparen und die öffentlichen Dienstleistungen zu verbessern, wandte sich die Stadt an die RAND Corporation, eine führende Denkfabrik, die für ihre innovativen militärischen Operationen bekannt ist. Die RAND-Jungs, wie sie genannt wurden, präsentierten den Stadtführern ein verlockendes Angebot und rühmten sich ihrer fortschrittlichen Computermodelle, die in hochrangigen Militäreinsätzen erfolgreich umgesetzt wurden. Das Angebot war zu gut, um es abzulehnen, und RAND machte einen Deal, um seine erste große zivile Anstrengung mit der New York Fire Department (FDNY) zu beginnen. Im Laufe des nächsten Jahrzehnts erlebte die Stadt eine Reihe verheerender Brände, die die South Bronx, die Lower East de, Harlem und Brooklyn erfasste, ganze Stadtteile ausweidete und mehr als zweitausend Menschen tötete. Diese Brände waren nicht das Ergebnis von Brandstiftungen, sondern vielmehr der absichtliche Rückzug des Brandschutzes aus den ärmsten Stadtteilen, basierend auf RAND-Computersimulationssystemen.
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火災:計算機公式如何燒毀紐約市並確定美國城市的未來在1968,紐約市瀕臨經濟崩潰。為了節省數百萬美元並改善公共服務,該市求助於以創新軍事行動而聞名的領先智囊團RAND Corporation。被稱為RAND的男孩向城市領導人提出了誘人的建議,稱贊他們在高級軍事行動中成功實施的先進計算機模型。該提案太好了,無法放棄,蘭德(RAND)達成了一項協議,與紐約市消防局(FDNY)開始其首次重大民事工作。在接下來的十中,這座城市經歷了一系列毀滅性的大火,席卷了南布朗克斯區,下東區,哈林區和布魯克林,燒毀了整個街區,造成兩千多人死亡。這些火災不是縱火的結果,而是根據RAND計算機建模系統故意從城市最貧窮的地區撤出消防。

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