BOOKS - Pandemic Ethics: From COVID-19 to Disease X
Pandemic Ethics: From COVID-19 to Disease X - Julian Savulescu April 1, 2023 PDF  BOOKS
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Pandemic Ethics: From COVID-19 to Disease X
Author: Julian Savulescu
Year: April 1, 2023
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 5.9 MB
Language: English



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Pandemic Ethics: From COVID-19 to Disease X The COVID-19 pandemic has been a defining event of the 21st century, taking over eighteen million lives, closing national borders, and devastating economies worldwide. However, while COVID-19 is catastrophic, it is not unique. Children who have been homeschooled during the pandemic will almost certainly face another pandemic in their lifetime, one that could be even worse. The World Health Organization (WHO) has referred to such a future unknown pathogen as "Disease X. " The scale of a pandemic presents unavoidable ethical dilemmas, as the lives and livelihoods of millions or billions of people cannot be protected simultaneously. This raises questions about individual liberty and autonomy, as well as the structure of society and global responsibilities.
Пандемическая этика: От COVID-19 к болезни X Пандемия COVID-19 стала определяющим событием 21-го века, унеся более восемнадцати миллионов жизней, закрыв национальные границы и разрушив экономику во всем мире. Однако, хотя COVID-19 катастрофичен, он не уникален. Дети, которые проходили домашнее обучение во время пандемии, почти наверняка столкнутся с еще одной пандемией в течение своей жизни, которая может быть еще хуже. Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) назвала такой будущий неизвестный патоген «болезнью Х». Масштабы пандемии представляют собой неизбежные этические дилеммы, поскольку жизнь и средства к существованию миллионов или миллиардов людей не могут быть защищены одновременно. Это поднимает вопросы об индивидуальной свободе и автономии, а также об устройстве общества и глобальной ответственности.
L'éthique pandémique : de la COVID-19 à la maladie X La pandémie de COVID-19 est devenue un événement déterminant du 21ème siècle, causant plus de dix-huit millions de vies, fermant les frontières nationales et détruisant l'économie mondiale. Cependant, bien que la COVID-19 soit catastrophique, elle n'est pas unique. s enfants qui ont reçu un enseignement à domicile pendant la pandémie sont presque certainement confrontés à une autre pandémie au cours de leur vie, qui pourrait être encore pire. L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) a qualifié ce futur pathogène inconnu de « maladie X ». L'ampleur de la pandémie représente des dilemmes éthiques inévitables, car la vie et les moyens de subsistance de millions ou de milliards de personnes ne peuvent être protégés simultanément. Cela soulève des questions sur la liberté individuelle et l'autonomie, ainsi que sur l'organisation de la société et la responsabilité mondiale.
Ética pandémica: Del COVID-19 a la enfermedad X La pandemia del COVID-19 se convirtió en un acontecimiento determinante del siglo XXI, cobrándose más de dieciocho millones de vidas, cerrando fronteras nacionales y destruyendo economías en todo el mundo. n embargo, aunque el COVID-19 es catastrófico, no es único. niños que han sido escolarizados en casa durante la pandemia casi con toda seguridad se enfrentarán a otra pandemia a lo largo de sus vidas, que podría ser aún peor. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha llamado «enfermedad X» a este patógeno desconocido de futuro. La magnitud de la pandemia plantea inevitables dilemas éticos, ya que la vida y los medios de vida de millones o miles de millones de personas no pueden ser protegidos al mismo tiempo. Esto plantea interrogantes sobre la libertad individual y la autonomía, así como sobre la estructura de la sociedad y la responsabilidad global.
A ética pandémica: De COVID-19 para a doença X, a Pandemia COVID-19 foi um acontecimento determinante do século 21, matando mais de dezoito milhões de pessoas, fechando fronteiras nacionais e destruindo a economia mundial. No entanto, embora o COVID-19 seja catastrófico, ele não é único. As crianças que foram treinadas em casa durante a pandemia quase certamente enfrentarão outra pandemia durante a vida, que pode ser ainda pior. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) descreveu esse futuro patógeno desconhecido como «doença X». A dimensão da pandemia representa um dilema ético inevitável, porque a vida e o sustento de milhões ou bilhões de pessoas não podem ser protegidos ao mesmo tempo. Isso levanta questões sobre liberdade individual e autonomia, bem como sobre a estrutura da sociedade e a responsabilidade global.
L'etica pandemica: da COVID-19 alla malattia X, la pandemia COVID-19 è stata un evento determinante del 21esimo secolo, uccidendo più di diciotto milioni di persone, chiudendo i confini nazionali e distruggendo l'economia mondiale. Tuttavia, anche se COVID-19 è catastrofico, non è unico. I bambini che hanno seguito l'addestramento a casa durante la pandemia si troveranno quasi certamente ad affrontare un'altra pandemia nel corso della loro vita, che potrebbe essere ancora peggiore. L'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) ha definito questo futuro patogeno sconosciuto «malattia X». La portata della pandemia rappresenta inevitabili dilemmi etici, perché la vita e i mezzi di sostentamento di milioni o miliardi di persone non possono essere protetti contemporaneamente. Ciò solleva domande sulla libertà individuale, l'autonomia e l'apparato della società e la responsabilità globale.
Pandemie-Ethik: Von COVID-19 zu Krankheit X Die COVID-19-Pandemie war das bestimmende Ereignis des 21. Jahrhunderts und forderte mehr als achtzehn Millionen Menschenleben, schloss nationale Grenzen und zerstörte Volkswirtschaften weltweit. Obwohl COVID-19 katastrophal ist, ist es nicht einzigartig. Kinder, die während der Pandemie Homeschooling gemacht haben, werden im Laufe ihres bens mit ziemlicher cherheit mit einer weiteren Pandemie konfrontiert sein, die noch schlimmer sein könnte. Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) hat einen solchen künftigen unbekannten Erreger als „Krankheit X“ bezeichnet. Das Ausmaß der Pandemie stellt unvermeidliche ethische Dilemmata dar, da das ben und die bensgrundlagen von Millionen oder Milliarden von Menschen nicht gleichzeitig geschützt werden können. Dies wirft Fragen nach individueller Freiheit und Autonomie sowie nach der Struktur der Gesellschaft und globaler Verantwortung auf.
Etyka pandemiczna: od COVID-19 po chorobę X Pandemia COVID-19 stała się wydarzeniem definiującym XXI wiek, twierdząc, że żyje ponad osiemnaście milionów ludzi, zamykając granice państwowe i niszcząc gospodarki na całym świecie. Chociaż jednak COVID-19 jest katastrofalny, nie jest wyjątkowy. Dzieci, które zostały przechwycone domem podczas pandemii, niemal na pewno staną przed kolejną pandemią w swoim życiu, która może być jeszcze gorsza. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) nazwała taką przyszłą nieznaną chorobę chorobą X. Skala pandemii przedstawia nieuniknione dylematy etyczne, ponieważ życie i środki do życia milionów lub miliardów ludzi nie mogą być chronione w tym samym czasie. Rodzi to pytania dotyczące wolności i autonomii jednostki, jak również struktury społeczeństwa i globalnej odpowiedzialności.
מגיפת מגיפה: החל מ-COVID-19 וכלה במחלת X, מגפת COVID-19 הפכה לאירוע מכונן במאה ה-21, הטוען ליותר מ-18 מיליון נפש, סגירת גבולות לאומיים והשמדת כלכלות ברחבי העולם. עם זאת, בעוד COVID-19 הוא קטסטרופלי, זה לא ייחודי. ילדים שלמדו בבית במהלך המגפה כמעט בוודאות יתמודדו עם מגיפה נוספת בימי חייהם, שיכולה להיות גרועה יותר. ארגון הבריאות העולמי (WHO) כינה פתוגן לא ידוע עתידי כזה ”מחלה X”. קנה המידה של המגפה מציג דילמות אתיות בלתי נמנעות, שכן לא ניתן להגן על חייהם של מיליונים או מיליארדי בני אדם בעת ובעונה אחת. הדבר מעלה שאלות בנוגע לחופש הפרט ולאוטונומיה, כמו גם לגבי מבנה החברה והאחריות הגלובלית.''
Pandemi Etiği: COVID-19'dan Hastalık X'e COVID-19 pandemisi, on sekiz milyondan fazla insanın hayatına mal olan, ulusal sınırları kapatan ve dünyadaki ekonomileri tahrip eden 21. yüzyılın belirleyici bir olayı haline geldi. Ancak, COVID-19 felaket olsa da, benzersiz değildir. Pandemi sırasında evde eğitim gören çocuklar, yaşamları boyunca neredeyse kesinlikle daha kötü olabilecek başka bir pandemiyle karşı karşıya kalacaklardır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) böyle bir geleceği bilinmeyen patojen "hastalık X'olarak adlandırdı. Pandeminin ölçeği, milyonlarca veya milyarlarca insanın yaşamı ve geçim kaynağı aynı anda korunamadığı için kaçınılmaz etik ikilemler sunmaktadır. Bu, bireysel özgürlük ve özerkliğin yanı sıra toplumun yapısı ve küresel sorumluluk hakkında sorular ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
أخلاقيات وباء |: من COVID-19 إلى المرض X أصبح وباء COVID-19 حدثًا حاسمًا في القرن الحادي والعشرين، حيث أودى بحياة أكثر من ثمانية عشر مليون شخص، وأغلق الحدود الوطنية ودمر الاقتصادات في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك، في حين أن COVID-19 كارثي، إلا أنه ليس فريدًا. يكاد يكون من المؤكد أن الأطفال الذين تلقوا تعليمهم في المنزل أثناء الوباء سيواجهون وباء آخر في حياتهم، والذي قد يكون أسوأ. أطلقت منظمة الصحة العالمية على مثل هذا المرض غير المعروف في المستقبل «المرض العاشر». يمثل حجم الوباء معضلات أخلاقية لا مفر منها، حيث لا يمكن حماية حياة وسبل عيش الملايين أو المليارات من الناس في نفس الوقت. وهذا يثير تساؤلات حول الحرية الفردية والاستقلال الذاتي، وكذلك حول هيكل المجتمع والمسؤولية العالمية.
전염병 윤리: COVID-19에서 질병 X에 이르기까지 COVID-19 전염병은 21 세기의 결정적인 사건이되어 1 천 8 백만 명 이상의 생명을 주장하고 국경을 폐쇄하고 전 세계 경제를 파괴했습니다. 그러나 COVID-19는 치명적이지만 독특하지는 않습니다. 전염병 중에 홈 스쿨링 된 어린이는 평생 동안 또 다른 전염병에 직면 할 것입니다. 세계 보건기구 (WHO) 는 미래에 알려지지 않은 병원체를 "질병 X" 라고 불렀습니다. 수백만 또는 수십억의 사람들의 삶과 생계를 동시에 보호 할 수 없기 때문에 전염병의 규모는 불가피한 윤리적 딜레마를 나타냅니다. 이것은 개인의 자유와 자율성뿐만 아니라 사회의 구조와 세계적 책임에 대한 의문을 제기합니다.
大流行病倫理:從COVID-19到X病COVID-19大流行病成為21世紀的決定性事件,奪走了超過1800萬人的生命,關閉了國界,破壞了全球經濟。然而,雖然COVID-19是災難性的,但它並不是獨一無二的。在大流行病期間在家上學的孩子幾乎肯定會在一生中面臨另一種大流行病,這可能更糟。世界衛生組織(WHO)將這種未知的病原體稱為「X病」。這一流行病的規模構成了不可避免的道德困境,因為數百萬或數十億人的生命和生計無法同時得到保護。這引起了關於個人自由和自治以及社會結構和全球責任的問題。

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