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The Eighteenth-Century Woman - Olivier Bernier 1982 PDF The Metropolitan Museum of Art BOOKS CULTURE AND ARTS
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The Eighteenth-Century Woman
Author: Olivier Bernier
Year: 1982
Pages: 170
Format: PDF
File size: 29 MB
Language: ENG



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The Eighteenth Century Woman In the 18th century, a new era of technological advancements and intellectual pursuits emerged, characterized by the rise of Enlightenment values such as reason, individualism, and democracy. During this time, women played a crucial role in shaping the cultural, social, and political landscape of Europe. The hallmarks of the century – opulence, charm, wit, and intelligence – were embodied in the remarkable women who held sway in the salons, councils of state, ballrooms, and bedrooms. These women enchanted or intimidated the most powerful of men and presided over an extraordinary cultural flowering of unprecedented luxury and sophistication. Madame de Pompadour, the mistress of King Louis XV of France, was one of the most influential women of her time. Her shrewdness and political acumen helped shape the course of French history, while her beauty and grace captivated the hearts of the nobility. Madame du Barry, another prominent figure of the time, was known for her wit and charm, which won her many admirers among the French court. Abigail Adams, the wife of President John Adams, was a pioneer of feminist thought, advocating for women's rights and education. The queen of Naples, on the other hand, was infamous for her dark plotting and political intrigue. These women, and many others like them, were the first modern women, who paved the way for future generations of women to assert their rights and freedoms.
Женщина восемнадцатого века В XVIII веке возникла новая эра технологических достижений и интеллектуальных устремлений, характеризующаяся ростом ценностей Просвещения, таких как разум, индивидуализм и демократия. В это время женщины играли решающую роль в формировании культурного, социального и политического ландшафта Европы. Отличительные черты века - роскошь, обаяние, остроумие и интеллект - были воплощены в замечательных женщинах, которые властвовали в салонах, государственных советах, бальных залах и спальнях. Эти женщины очаровывали или запугивали самых сильных мужчин и руководили необыкновенным культурным расцветом невиданной роскоши и изысканности. Мадам де Помпадур, любовница короля Франции Людовика XV, была одной из самых влиятельных женщин своего времени. Её проницательность и политическая хватка помогли сформировать ход французской истории, в то время как её красота и изящество покорили сердца знати. Мадам дю Барри, другая видная фигура того времени, была известна своим остроумием и обаянием, чем завоевала своих многочисленных поклонников среди французского двора. Эбигейл Адамс, жена президента Джона Адамса, была пионером феминистской мысли, выступая за права женщин и образование. Королева Неаполя же была печально известна своими темными заговорами и политическими интригами. Эти женщины и многие другие, подобные им, были первыми современными женщинами, которые проложили путь будущим поколениям женщин к утверждению своих прав и свобод.
Femme du XVIIIe siècle Une nouvelle ère de progrès technologiques et d'aspirations intellectuelles est apparue au XVIIIe siècle, caractérisée par la montée des valeurs des Lumières telles que la raison, l'individualisme et la démocratie. À cette époque, les femmes ont joué un rôle crucial dans la formation du paysage culturel, social et politique de l'Europe. s traits distinctifs du siècle - le luxe, le charme, l'esprit et l'intelligence - ont été incarnés par des femmes merveilleuses qui ont régné dans les salons, les conseils d'État, les salles de bal et les chambres. Ces femmes fascinaient ou intimidaient les hommes les plus forts et dirigeaient l'extraordinaire floraison culturelle d'un luxe et d'un raffinement sans précédent. Madame de Pompadour, maîtresse du roi Louis XV de France, était l'une des femmes les plus influentes de son époque. Son discernement et son emprise politique ont contribué à façonner le cours de l'histoire française, tandis que sa beauté et sa grâce ont conquis les cœurs de la noblesse. Madame du Barry, une autre figure éminente de l'époque, était connue pour son esprit et son charme, ce qui a gagné ses nombreux fans parmi la cour française. Abigail Adams, épouse du président John Adams, a été une pionnière de la pensée féministe, défendant les droits des femmes et l'éducation. La reine de Naples était tristement célèbre pour ses complots sombres et ses intrigues politiques. Ces femmes, et bien d'autres comme elles, ont été les premières femmes modernes à ouvrir la voie à l'affirmation de leurs droits et libertés pour les générations futures de femmes.
Mujer del siglo XVIII En el siglo XVIII surgió una nueva era de avances tecnológicos y aspiraciones intelectuales, caracterizada por el crecimiento de los valores de la Ilustración, como la razón, el individualismo y la democracia. En esta época, las mujeres desempeñaron un papel decisivo en la configuración del panorama cultural, social y político de . rasgos distintivos del siglo - lujo, encanto, ingenio e intelecto - se plasmaron en mujeres maravillosas que gobernaron en salones, consejos de estado, salones de baile y dormitorios. Estas mujeres fascinaban o intimidaban a los hombres más poderosos y dirigían un extraordinario florecimiento cultural de lujo y sofisticación invisibles. Madame de Pompadour, amante del rey Luis XV de Francia, fue una de las mujeres más influyentes de su época. Su discernimiento y agarre político ayudaron a dar forma al curso de la historia francesa, mientras que su belleza y gracia conquistaron los corazones de la nobleza. Madame du Barry, otra figura destacada de la época, era conocida por su ingenio y encanto, que ganó a sus numerosos admiradores entre la corte francesa. Abigail Adams, esposa del presidente John Adams, fue pionera en el pensamiento feminista, abogando por los derechos de la mujer y la educación. La reina de Nápoles, en cambio, era notoria por sus oscuras conspiraciones y sus intrigas políticas. Estas mujeres y muchas otras como ellas fueron las primeras mujeres modernas que allanaron el camino para que las generaciones futuras de mujeres reclamaran sus derechos y libertades.
Uma mulher do século XIX. No século XVIII, surgiu uma nova era de avanços tecnológicos e aspirações intelectuais, caracterizada pelo aumento dos valores do Iluminismo, como a razão, o individualismo e a democracia. Nessa altura, as mulheres desempenhavam um papel crucial na construção da paisagem cultural, social e política da . Os destaques do século - luxo, charme, esperteza e inteligência - foram traduzidos em mulheres maravilhosas que se envolveram em salões, conselhos de estado, salas de baile e quartos. Estas mulheres encantavam ou aterrorizavam os homens mais fortes e lideravam o extraordinário florescimento cultural de um luxo e sofisticação nunca vistos. Madame de Pompadour, amante do rei Luís XV de França, era uma das mulheres mais poderosas do seu tempo. O seu discernimento e o seu engajamento político ajudaram a moldar o curso da história francesa, enquanto sua beleza e elegância conquistaram os corações da nobreza. Madame du Barry, outra figura proeminente da época, era conhecida por seu humor e charme, o que conquistou seus muitos fãs entre a corte francesa. Abigail Adams, mulher do presidente John Adams, foi pioneira no pensamento feminista, defendendo os direitos das mulheres e a educação. A Rainha de Nápoles era infame por suas conspirações obscuras e intrigas políticas. Estas mulheres, e muitas outras como elas, foram as primeiras mulheres modernas a abrir caminho para que as futuras gerações de mulheres afirmassem seus direitos e liberdades.
Donna del diciottesimo secolo Nel XVIII secolo è nata una nuova era di progressi tecnologici e aspirazioni intellettuali caratterizzata dalla crescita dei valori dell'Illuminismo, come la mente, l'individualismo e la democrazia. In quel periodo le donne giocavano un ruolo cruciale nella formazione del panorama culturale, sociale e politico dell'. I tratti distintivi del secolo - lusso, fascino, spirito e intelligenza - sono stati incarnati da donne meravigliose che hanno dominato saloni, consigli di stato, sale da ballo e camere da letto. Queste donne incantavano o terrorizzavano gli uomini più potenti e guidavano l'incredibile fioritura culturale di un lusso e una raffinatezza mai visti. Madame de Pompadour, amante del re Luigi XV di Francia, era una delle donne più potenti del suo tempo. Il suo discernimento e la sua presa politica hanno contribuito a formare il corso della storia francese, mentre la sua bellezza e la sua eleganza hanno conquistato i cuori della nobiltà. Madame du Barry, un'altra figura di spicco dell'epoca, era famosa per il suo spirito e il suo fascino, che conquistò i suoi numerosi fan tra la corte francese. Abigail Adams, moglie del presidente John Adams, è stata una pioniera del pensiero femminista, sostenendo i diritti delle donne e l'istruzione. La Regina di Napoli, invece, era tristemente famosa per le sue oscure cospirazioni e intrighi politici. Queste donne, e molte altre come loro, sono state le prime donne moderne ad aprire la strada alle future generazioni di donne verso l'affermazione dei loro diritti e libertà.
Die Frau des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts Im achtzehnten Jahrhundert entstand eine neue Ära technologischer Fortschritte und intellektueller Bestrebungen, die durch das Wachstum der Werte der Aufklärung wie Vernunft, Individualismus und Demokratie gekennzeichnet war. In dieser Zeit haben Frauen die kulturelle, soziale und politische Landschaft s entscheidend mitgestaltet. Die charakteristischen Merkmale des Jahrhunderts - Luxus, Charme, Witz und Intelligenz - wurden in bemerkenswerten Frauen verkörpert, die in Salons, Staatsräten, Ballsälen und Schlafzimmern herrschten. Diese Frauen verzauberten oder schüchterten die mächtigsten Männer ein und führten eine außergewöhnliche kulturelle Blüte von beispiellosem Luxus und Raffinesse. Madame de Pompadour, die Geliebte des französischen Königs Ludwig XV., war eine der einflussreichsten Frauen ihrer Zeit. Ihre Einsicht und ihr politischer Scharfsinn prägten den Lauf der französischen Geschichte, während ihre Schönheit und Anmut die Herzen des Adels eroberten. Madame du Barry, eine weitere prominente Figur der Zeit, war bekannt für ihren Witz und Charme, der ihre vielen Fans am französischen Hof gewann. Abigail Adams, die Frau von Präsident John Adams, war eine Pionierin des feministischen Denkens und setzte sich für Frauenrechte und Bildung ein. Die Königin von Neapel hingegen war berüchtigt für ihre dunklen Verschwörungen und politischen Intrigen. Diese Frauen und viele andere wie sie waren die ersten modernen Frauen, die den Weg für zukünftige Generationen von Frauen ebneten, um ihre Rechte und Freiheiten durchzusetzen.
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Onsekizinci Yüzyıl Kadını 18. yüzyılda, akıl, bireycilik ve demokrasi gibi Aydınlanma değerlerinin yükselişi ile karakterize edilen yeni bir teknolojik gelişmeler ve entelektüel özlemler çağı ortaya çıktı. Bu süre zarfında, kadınlar Avrupa'nın kültürel, sosyal ve politik manzarasını şekillendirmede çok önemli bir rol oynadı. Yüzyılın ayırt edici özellikleri - lüks, çekicilik, zekâ ve zeka - salonlara, devlet meclislerine, balo salonlarına ve yatak odalarına hakim olan olağanüstü kadınlarda somutlaştı. Bu kadınlar en güçlü erkekleri büyüledi ya da korkuttu ve görünmeyen lüks ve sofistike olağanüstü kültürel gelişmelere başkanlık etti. Fransa Kralı XV. Louis'in metresi Madame de Pompadour, zamanının en güçlü kadınlarından biriydi. Anlayışı ve politik zekası, Fransız tarihinin gidişatını şekillendirmeye yardımcı olurken, güzelliği ve zarafeti soyluların kalbini kazandı. Zamanın bir başka önemli figürü olan Madame du Barry, Fransız sarayında birçok hayranını kazanan zekası ve çekiciliği ile biliniyordu. Başkan John Adams'ın eşi Abigail Adams, kadın haklarını ve eğitimini savunan feminist düşüncenin öncüsüydü. Napoli Kraliçesi, karanlık komploları ve siyasi entrikaları ile ünlüydü. Bu kadınlar ve onlar gibi birçokları, gelecek nesil kadınların hak ve özgürlüklerini savunmalarının önünü açan ilk modern kadınlardı.
القرن الثامن عشر ظهرت حقبة جديدة من التقدم التكنولوجي والتطلعات الفكرية في القرن الثامن عشر، تميزت بصعود قيم التنوير مثل العقل والفردية والديمقراطية. خلال هذا الوقت، لعبت المرأة دورًا حاسمًا في تشكيل المشهد الثقافي والاجتماعي والسياسي في أوروبا. تجسدت السمات المميزة للقرن - الرفاهية والسحر والذكاء والذكاء - في النساء الرائعات اللائي سيطرن على الصالونات ومجالس الولايات وقاعات الاحتفالات وغرف النوم. سحرت هؤلاء النساء أو أرهبن أقوى الرجال وترأسن ازدهارًا ثقافيًا غير عادي من الرفاهية والتطور غير المرئيين. كانت مدام دي بومبادور، عشيقة الملك لويس الخامس عشر ملك فرنسا، واحدة من أقوى النساء في عصرها. ساعدت بصيرتها وفطنتها السياسية في تشكيل مسار التاريخ الفرنسي، بينما فاز جمالها ونعمتها بقلوب النبلاء. اشتهرت مدام دو باري، وهي شخصية بارزة أخرى في ذلك الوقت، بذكائها وسحرها، مما أكسبها العديد من المعجبين بها بين البلاط الفرنسي. كانت أبيجيل آدامز، زوجة الرئيس جون آدامز، رائدة في الفكر النسوي، حيث دافعت عن حقوق المرأة وتعليمها. اشتهرت ملكة نابولي بمؤامراتها المظلمة ومؤامراتها السياسية. كانت هؤلاء النساء، والعديد من النساء مثلهن، أول امرأة حديثة تمهد الطريق للأجيال القادمة من النساء لتأكيد حقوقهن وحرياتهن.

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