BOOKS - Science for the Empire: Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan
Science for the Empire: Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan - Hiromi Mizuno November 12, 2008 PDF  BOOKS
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Science for the Empire: Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan
Author: Hiromi Mizuno
Year: November 12, 2008
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 3.5 MB
Language: English



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The Plot of Science for the Empire Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan In the early 20th century, Japan was undergoing rapid modernization and industrialization, and as a result, the country was facing new challenges and opportunities in terms of technological development. As the nation sought to assert itself on the global stage, there was a growing recognition of the need for scientific progress and technological advancements to support its ambitions. This led to the emergence of a unique phenomenon known as "scientific nationalism which posits that the pursuit of scientific knowledge and technological innovation is essential to the survival and prosperity of humanity. At the heart of this movement were three distinct groups: technocrats, Marxists, and popular science proponents. Each group had a distinct perspective on the role of science in society and how it should be promoted. Technocrats believed that scientific progress was essential to the modernization of Japan and saw it as a means to strengthen the nation's military and economic power. Marxists, on the other hand, viewed science as a tool for social justice and equality, arguing that it could be used to challenge the status quo and promote the interests of the working class.
The Plot of Science for the Empire Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan В начале XX века Япония переживала быструю модернизацию и индустриализацию, и в результате страна столкнулась с новыми вызовами и возможностями с точки зрения технологического развития. По мере того, как нация стремилась утвердиться на мировой арене, росло признание необходимости научного прогресса и технического прогресса для поддержки своих амбиций. Это привело к появлению уникального явления, известного как научный национализм, которое утверждает, что стремление к научным знаниям и технологическим инновациям имеет важное значение для выживания и процветания человечества. В основе этого движения были три различные группы: технократы, марксисты и сторонники популярной науки. У каждой группы был свой взгляд на роль науки в обществе и на то, как ее следует продвигать. Технократы считали, что научный прогресс необходим для модернизации Японии, и рассматривали его как средство укрепления военной и экономической мощи страны. Марксисты же рассматривали науку как инструмент социальной справедливости и равенства, утверждая, что она может быть использована для оспаривания статус-кво и продвижения интересов рабочего класса.
The Plot of Science for the Empire Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan Au début du XXe siècle, le Japon connaissait une modernisation et une industrialisation rapides et, en conséquence, le pays était confronté à de nouveaux défis et à de nouvelles possibilités en matière de développement technologique. À mesure que la nation cherchait à s'établir sur la scène mondiale, on reconnaissait de plus en plus la nécessité du progrès scientifique et technologique pour appuyer ses ambitions. Cela a conduit à l'émergence d'un phénomène unique connu sous le nom de nationalisme scientifique, qui affirme que la recherche de la connaissance scientifique et de l'innovation technologique est essentielle à la survie et à la prospérité de l'humanité. Ce mouvement était fondé sur trois groupes différents : les technocrates, les marxistes et les partisans de la science populaire. Chaque groupe avait une vision différente du rôle de la science dans la société et de la façon dont elle devait être promue. s technocrates pensaient que le progrès scientifique était nécessaire pour moderniser le Japon et le considéraient comme un moyen de renforcer la puissance militaire et économique du pays. s marxistes, quant à eux, considéraient la science comme un instrument de justice sociale et d'égalité, affirmant qu'elle pouvait être utilisée pour contester le statu quo et promouvoir les intérêts de la classe ouvrière.
The Plot of Science for the Empire Scientife Nationalism in Modern Japan A principios del siglo XX, Japón experimentó una rápida modernización e industrialización, y como resultado, el país se enfrentó a nuevos desafíos y oportunidades en términos de desarrollo tecnológico. A medida que la nación buscaba establecerse en el escenario mundial, creció el reconocimiento de la necesidad de progreso científico y tecnológico para sustentar sus ambiciones. Esto ha dado lugar a un fenómeno único conocido como nacionalismo científico, que sostiene que el deseo de conocimiento científico e innovación tecnológica es esencial para la supervivencia y prosperidad de la humanidad. Este movimiento se basaba en tres grupos diferentes: tecnócratas, marxistas y defensores de la ciencia popular. Cada grupo tenía su propia visión sobre el papel de la ciencia en la sociedad y cómo debía promoverse. tecnócratas creían que el progreso científico era necesario para modernizar Japón, y lo veían como un medio para fortalecer el poder militar y económico del país. marxistas, en cambio, veían la ciencia como un instrumento de justicia social e igualdad, argumentando que podía usarse para desafiar el statu quo y promover los intereses de la clase obrera.
The Plot of Science for the Empire Catherine Nacionalism in Modern Japan No início do século XX. O Japão passou por uma rápida modernização e industrialização, e, como resultado, o país enfrentou novos desafios e oportunidades em termos de desenvolvimento tecnológico. À medida que a nação se esforçou para se estabelecer no cenário mundial, cresceu o reconhecimento da necessidade de progresso científico e tecnológico para apoiar suas ambições. Isso deu origem a um fenômeno único conhecido como nacionalismo científico, que afirma que a busca pelo conhecimento científico e pela inovação tecnológica é essencial para a sobrevivência e prosperidade da humanidade. O movimento baseou-se em três grupos diferentes: tecnocratas, marxistas e defensores da ciência popular. Cada grupo tinha uma visão diferente do papel da ciência na sociedade e da forma como deveria ser promovido. Os tecnocratas acreditavam que o progresso científico era necessário para modernizar o Japão, e o consideravam um meio de fortalecer o poder militar e econômico do país. Os marxistas, porém, consideraram a ciência como um instrumento de justiça social e igualdade, alegando que ela poderia ser usada para contestar o status quo e promover os interesses da classe trabalhadora.
The Plot of Science for the Empire Scientific Nazionalism in Modern Japan All'inizio del XX secolo il Giappone stava sperimentando una rapida modernizzazione e industrializzazione, con il risultato di affrontare nuove sfide e nuove opportunità in termini di sviluppo tecnologico. Mentre la nazione cercava di affermarsi sulla scena mondiale, è cresciuto il riconoscimento della necessità di progresso scientifico e tecnologico per sostenere le proprie ambizioni. Ciò ha portato alla nascita di un fenomeno unico, noto come nazionalismo scientifico, che sostiene che la ricerca della conoscenza scientifica e dell'innovazione tecnologica è essenziale per la sopravvivenza e la prosperità dell'umanità. Il movimento era fondato su tre gruppi diversi: tecnocrati, marxisti e sostenitori della scienza popolare. Ogni gruppo aveva una visione diversa del ruolo della scienza nella società e del modo in cui dovrebbe essere promosso. I tecnocratici ritenevano che il progresso scientifico fosse necessario per modernizzare il Giappone e lo consideravano un mezzo per rafforzare la potenza militare ed economica del paese. I marxisti, invece, consideravano la scienza uno strumento di giustizia sociale ed uguaglianza, sostenendo che potesse essere utilizzato per contestare lo status quo e promuovere gli interessi della classe operaia.
The Plot of Science for the Empire Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts erlebte Japan eine rasante Modernisierung und Industrialisierung, die das Land vor neue Herausforderungen und Chancen in der technologischen Entwicklung stellte. Als die Nation versuchte, sich auf der Weltbühne zu etablieren, wuchs die Anerkennung der Notwendigkeit des wissenschaftlichen Fortschritts und des technischen Fortschritts, um ihre Ambitionen zu unterstützen. Dies führte zur Entstehung eines einzigartigen Phänomens, das als wissenschaftlicher Nationalismus bekannt ist und behauptet, dass das Streben nach wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnis und technologischer Innovation für das Überleben und den Wohlstand der Menschheit unerlässlich ist. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Bewegung standen drei verschiedene Gruppen: Technokraten, Marxisten und Anhänger der populären Wissenschaft. Jede Gruppe hatte ihre eigene cht auf die Rolle der Wissenschaft in der Gesellschaft und wie sie gefördert werden sollte. Technokraten glaubten, dass wissenschaftlicher Fortschritt notwendig sei, um Japan zu modernisieren, und betrachteten ihn als Mittel zur Stärkung der militärischen und wirtschaftlichen Macht des Landes. Marxisten hingegen betrachteten die Wissenschaft als Instrument für soziale Gerechtigkeit und Gleichheit und argumentierten, dass sie dazu verwendet werden könnte, den Status quo in Frage zu stellen und die Interessen der Arbeiterklasse zu fördern.
עלילת המדע ללאומיות המדעית של האימפריה ביפן המודרנית בתחילת המאה ה-20, יפן חוותה מודרניזציה מהירה ותיעוש, וכתוצאה מכך, המדינה התמודדה עם אתגרים והזדמנויות חדשים במונחים של התפתחות טכנולוגית. כשהאומה ביקשה לבסס את עצמה על הבמה העולמית, גדלה ההכרה בצורך בקידמה מדעית ובהתקדמות טכנולוגית כדי לתמוך בשאיפותיה. הדבר הוביל לתופעה ייחודית המכונה לאומיות מדעית, הטוענת כי הרדיפה אחר ידע מדעי וחדשנות טכנולוגית חיונית להישרדותה ולשגשוגה של האנושות. בלב תנועה זו היו שלוש קבוצות שונות: טכנוקרטים, מרקסיסטים ותומכי מדע פופולרי. לכל קבוצה הייתה נקודת מבט שונה על תפקיד המדע בחברה וכיצד יש לקדם אותו. הטכנוקרטים האמינו שההתקדמות המדעית הכרחית למודרניזציה של יפן, וראו בה אמצעי לחיזוק כוחה הצבאי והכלכלי של המדינה. מרקסיסטים ראו במדע מכשיר של צדק חברתי ושוויון, בטענה שניתן להשתמש בו כדי לערער על הסטטוס קוו ולקדם את האינטרסים של מעמד הפועלים.''
Modern Japonya'da İmparatorluk Bilimsel Milliyetçiliği İçin Bilim Arsa 20. yüzyılın başında, Japonya hızlı modernleşme ve sanayileşme yaşadı ve sonuç olarak, ülke teknolojik gelişme açısından yeni zorluklar ve fırsatlarla karşı karşıya kaldı. Ulus kendini dünya sahnesine yerleştirmeye çalıştıkça, emellerini desteklemek için bilimsel ilerleme ve teknolojik ilerleme ihtiyacının tanınması arttı. Bu, bilimsel bilgi ve teknolojik yenilik arayışının insanlığın hayatta kalması ve refahı için gerekli olduğunu savunan bilimsel milliyetçilik olarak bilinen benzersiz bir fenomene yol açmıştır. Bu hareketin merkezinde üç ayrı grup vardı: Teknokratlar, Marksistler ve popüler bilimin savunucuları. Her grup, bilimin toplumdaki rolü ve nasıl teşvik edilmesi gerektiği konusunda farklı bir bakış açısına sahipti. Teknokratlar, Japonya'yı modernleştirmek için bilimsel ilerlemenin gerekli olduğuna inanıyorlardı ve bunu ülkenin askeri ve ekonomik gücünü güçlendirmek için bir araç olarak görüyorlardı. Marksistler, bilimi toplumsal adalet ve eşitliğin bir aracı olarak gördüler ve bunun statükoya meydan okumak ve işçi sınıfının çıkarlarını ilerletmek için kullanılabileceğini savundular.
The Plot of Science for the Empire Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan في بداية القرن العشرين، شهدت اليابان تحديث وتصنيع سريعين، ونتيجة لذلك، واجهت البلاد تحديات وفرصًا جديدة من حيث التطور التكنولوجي. مع سعي الأمة إلى ترسيخ نفسها على المسرح العالمي، نما الاعتراف بالحاجة إلى التقدم العلمي والتقدم التكنولوجي لدعم طموحاتها. وقد أدى ذلك إلى ظاهرة فريدة تعرف باسم القومية العلمية، والتي تجادل بأن السعي وراء المعرفة العلمية والابتكار التكنولوجي ضروري لبقاء البشرية وازدهارها. في قلب هذه الحركة كانت هناك ثلاث مجموعات متميزة: التكنوقراط والماركسيون ومؤيدو العلوم الشعبية. ولكل مجموعة منظور مختلف بشأن دور العلم في المجتمع وكيفية تعزيزه. يعتقد التكنوقراط أن التقدم العلمي ضروري لتحديث اليابان، واعتبروها وسيلة لتعزيز القوة العسكرية والاقتصادية للبلاد. رأى الماركسيون العلم كأداة للعدالة الاجتماعية والمساواة، بحجة أنه يمكن استخدامه لتحدي الوضع الراهن وتعزيز مصالح الطبقة العاملة.
현대 일본의 제국 과학 민족주의를위한 과학의 음모 20 세기 초, 일본은 급속한 현대화와 산업화를 경험했으며, 그 결과 기술 개발 측면에서 새로운 도전과 기회에 직면했습니다. 국가가 세계 무대에 자리를 잡으려고 노력함에 따라 야심을 뒷받침하기 위해 과학적 진보와 기술 발전의 필요성에 대한 인식이 높아졌습니다. 이로 인해 과학 민족주의로 알려진 독특한 현상이 생겨 났으며, 이는 과학 지식과 기술 혁신의 추구가 인류의 생존과 번영에 필수적이라고 주장합니다. 이 운동의 핵심에는 기술, 맑스주 의자, 대중 과학 지지자의 세 가지 그룹이있었습니다. 각 그룹은 사회에서 과학의 역할과 그것을 어떻게 홍보해야하는지에 대해 다른 관점을 가지고있었습니다. Technocrats는 일본을 현대화하기 위해 과학적 진보가 필요하다고 믿었고, 이를 국가의 군사력과 경제력을 강화하기위한 수단으로 보았습니다. 마르크스 주의자들은 과학을 사회 정의와 평등의 도구로 보았으며, 현 상태에 도전하고 노동 계급의 이익을 증진시키는 데 사용될 수 있다고 주장했다.
現代日本帝國科學民族主義綱領日本在20世紀初經歷了快速的現代化和工業化,因此日本在技術發展方面面臨著新的挑戰和機遇。隨著國家尋求在世界舞臺上建立自己的地位,人們越來越認識到需要科學進步和技術進步來支持其野心。這導致了一種獨特的現象,即科學民族主義,認為追求科學知識和技術創新對人類的生存和繁榮至關重要。該運動的核心是三個不同的群體:技術官僚主義者,馬克思主義者和流行科學的支持者。每個群體都對科學在社會中的作用以及如何促進科學有自己的看法。技術官僚認為,科學進步對於日本的現代化至關重要,並認為這是加強日本軍事和經濟實力的手段。另一方面,馬克思主義者將科學視為社會正義和平等的工具,認為科學可以用來挑戰現狀並促進工人階級的利益。

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