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Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex - Michael A. Hiltzik July 7, 2015 PDF  BOOKS
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Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex
Author: Michael A. Hiltzik
Year: July 7, 2015
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 51 MB
Language: English



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Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex In the 1930s, the scale of scientific endeavors began to grow exponentially, with machines becoming larger and more ambitious. One such invention, the particle accelerator, revolutionized nuclear physics and had a profound impact on the world. The first accelerator, which cost less than $100, was held in the creator's palm, while its descendant, the Large Hadron Collider, cost $10 billion and spanned 17 miles in circumference. This incredible growth in scientific research was driven by governments and corporations, leading to the birth of "Big Science. " The story of Big Science can be traced back to Berkeley, California, nearly nine decades ago, where a young scientist named Ernest Orlando Lawrence was working on his invention, the cyclotron. Lawrence was not only a brilliant physicist but also a master of self-promotion, and he declared, "I'm going to be famous. " His invention would change our understanding of the basic building blocks of nature and play a crucial role in winning World War II. It also marked the beginning of Big Science, an era of industrialscale research funded by governments and corporations that would shape academia and international politics for decades to come. In this book, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Michael Hiltzik tells the riveting story of how one invention changed the world and the man behind it all.
Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex В 1930-х годах масштаб научных начинаний стал расти в геометрической прогрессии, машины стали больше и амбициознее. Одно из таких изобретений, ускоритель частиц, произвело революцию в ядерной физике и оказало глубокое влияние на мир. Первый ускоритель, стоивший менее 100 долларов, держался на ладони создателя, в то время как его потомок, Большой адронный коллайдер, стоил 10 миллиардов долларов и охватывал по окружности 17 миль. Этот невероятный рост научных исследований был вызван правительствами и корпорациями, что привело к рождению "Большой науки. "Историю" Большой науки "можно проследить до Беркли, штат Калифорния, почти девять десятилетий назад, где молодой ученый по имени Эрнест Орландо Лоуренс работал над своим изобретением - циклотроном. Лоуренс был не только блестящим физиком, но и мастером саморекламы, и он заявил: "Я собираюсь стать знаменитым. "Его изобретение изменит наше понимание основных строительных блоков природы и сыграет решающую роль в победе во Второй мировой войне. Оно также ознаменовало начало" Большой науки ", эры промышленных исследований, финансируемых правительствами и корпорациями, которые будут формировать академические круги и международную политику на десятилетия вперед. В этой книге журналист Майкл Хилцик, лауреат Пулитцеровской премии, рассказывает захватывающую историю о том, как одно изобретение изменило мир и человека, стоящего за всем этим.
Big Science : Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex Dans les années 1930, l'ampleur des initiatives scientifiques a commencé à croître de manière exponentielle, les machines sont devenues plus grandes et plus ambitieuses. L'une de ces inventions, l'accélérateur de particules, a révolutionné la physique nucléaire et a eu un impact profond sur le monde. premier accélérateur, qui valait moins de 100 dollars, se tenait dans la paume de la main du créateur, tandis que son descendant, le Grand collisionneur d'hadrons, valait 10 milliards de dollars et couvrait une circonférence de 17 milles. Cette croissance incroyable de la recherche scientifique a été causée par les gouvernements et les entreprises, ce qui a conduit à la naissance de la « Grande Science ». "L'histoire de la Grande Science remonte à Berkeley, en Californie, il y a près de neuf décennies, où un jeune scientifique nommé Ernest Orlando Lawrence travaillait sur son invention, le cyclotron. Lawrence était non seulement un brillant physicien, mais aussi un maître de l'autopromotion, et il a déclaré : "Je vais devenir célèbre. "Son invention va changer notre compréhension des piliers de la nature et jouer un rôle décisif dans la victoire de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle a également marqué le début de la Grande Science, une ère de recherche industrielle financée par les gouvernements et les entreprises, qui façonnera les milieux universitaires et les politiques internationales pour les décennies à venir. Dans ce livre, le journaliste Michael Hilzik, lauréat du prix Pulitzer, raconte une histoire passionnante sur la façon dont une invention a changé le monde et l'homme derrière tout cela.
Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex En la década de 1930, la escala de los esfuerzos científicos comenzó a crecer exponencialmente, las máquinas se hicieron más grandes y ambiciosas. Uno de esos inventos, el acelerador de partículas, revolucionó la física nuclear y tuvo un profundo impacto en el mundo. primer acelerador, que costaba menos de 100 dólares, se sostenía en la palma de la mano del creador, mientras que su descendiente, el Gran Colisionador de Hadrones, costaba 10 millones de dólares y abarcaba una circunferencia de 17 millas. Este increíble crecimiento de la investigación científica fue impulsado por gobiernos y corporaciones, dando lugar al nacimiento de la "Gran Ciencia. "La historia de" Big Science "puede remontarse a Berkeley, California, hace casi nueve décadas, donde un joven científico llamado Ernest Orlando Lawrence trabajó en su invento, el ciclotrón. Lawrence no sólo era un físico brillante, sino también un maestro de la autopromoción, y declaró: "Voy a ser famoso. "Su invención cambiará nuestra comprensión de los principales pilares de la naturaleza y jugará un papel crucial en la victoria en la Segunda Guerra Mundial. También marcó el comienzo de la» Gran Ciencia «, una era de investigación industrial financiada por gobiernos y corporaciones que formará la academia y la política internacional durante las próximas décadas. En este libro, el periodista Michael Hiltzik, ganador del premio Pulitzer, cuenta una emocionante historia de cómo un solo invento cambió el mundo y el hombre detrás de todo esto.
Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invenção that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex. Nos anos 1930, a escala dos esforços científicos aumentou exponencialmente, as máquinas se tornaram maiores e mais ambiciosas. Uma dessas invenções, o acelerador de partículas, revolucionou a física nuclear e teve um impacto profundo no mundo. O primeiro acelerador, que custou menos de 100 dólares, foi mantido na mão do criador, enquanto o seu descendente, o Grande Colisor de Adrões, custou 10 mil milhões de dólares e cobriu cerca de 17 milhas. Este crescimento extraordinário da pesquisa científica foi causado por governos e corporações, o que levou ao nascimento da "Grande Ciência. "A história da Grande Ciência pode ser traçada até Berkeley, Califórnia, há quase nove décadas, onde um jovem cientista chamado Ernest Orlando Lawrence trabalhou na sua invenção, o ciclotron. Lawrence não era apenas um brilhante físico, mas também um mestre de auto-publicidade, e ele disse: "Vou ser famoso. "A sua invenção mudará a nossa compreensão dos principais blocos de construção da natureza e será crucial para a vitória na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Também marcou o início da» Grande Ciência «, uma era de pesquisa industrial financiada por governos e corporações que formarão os círculos acadêmicos e a política internacional em décadas. Neste livro, o jornalista Michael Hilzik, vencedor do Pulitzer, conta uma história emocionante sobre como uma invenção mudou o mundo e o homem por trás disso.
Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex Negli annì 30 la portata delle iniziative scientifiche è aumentata esponenzialmente, le macchine sono diventate più grandi e ambiziose. Una di queste invenzioni, l'acceleratore di particelle, rivoluzionò la fisica nucleare e influenzò profondamente il mondo. Il primo acceleratore, costato meno di 100 dollari, era sulla mano del creatore, mentre il suo discendente, il Grande Collisore di Adroni, costava 10 miliardi di dollari e copriva la circonferenza di 17 miglia. Questo incredibile aumento della ricerca scientifica è stato causato da governi e aziende, che ha portato alla nascita della "Grande Scienza. "La storia della Grande Scienza si può seguire fino a Berkeley, in California, quasi nove decenni fa, dove un giovane scienziato di nome Ernest Orlando Lawrence stava lavorando alla sua invenzione, il ciclotron. Lawrence non era solo un brillante fisico, ma anche un maestro di auto-pubblicità, e disse: "Diventerò famoso. "La sua invenzione cambierà la nostra comprensione dei principali blocchi di costruzione della natura e sarà fondamentale per vincere la seconda guerra mondiale. Ha anche segnato l'inizio della» Grande Scienza «, un'era di ricerca industriale finanziata da governi e aziende che formeranno il mondo accademico e la politica internazionale per decenni. In questo libro, il giornalista Michael Hilzik, vincitore del premio Pulitzer, racconta una storia emozionante su come un'invenzione abbia cambiato il mondo e l'uomo dietro tutto questo.
Big Science: Ernest Lawrence and the Invention that Launched the Military-Industrial Complex In den 1930er Jahren begann das Ausmaß der wissenschaftlichen Bemühungen exponentiell zu wachsen, die Maschinen wurden größer und ehrgeiziger. Eine dieser Erfindungen, der Teilchenbeschleuniger, revolutionierte die Kernphysik und hatte tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf die Welt. Der erste Beschleuniger, der weniger als 100 US-Dollar kostete, hielt sich in der Hand des Schöpfers, während sein Nachkomme, der Large Hadron Collider, 10 Milliarden US-Dollar kostete und sich über einen Umfang von 17 Meilen erstreckte. Dieses unglaubliche Wachstum der wissenschaftlichen Forschung wurde von Regierungen und Unternehmen angetrieben, was zur Geburt von "Big Science. "Die Geschichte von Big Science kann bis vor fast neun Jahrzehnten in Berkeley, Kalifornien, zurückverfolgt werden, wo ein junger Wissenschaftler namens Ernest Orlando Lawrence an seiner Erfindung, dem Zyklotron, arbeitete. Lawrence war nicht nur ein brillanter Physiker, sondern auch ein Meister der Eigenwerbung, und er erklärte: "Ich werde berühmt werden. "Seine Erfindung wird unser Verständnis der Grundbausteine der Natur verändern und eine entscheidende Rolle beim eg im Zweiten Weltkrieg spielen. Es markierte auch den Beginn von“ Big Science „, einer von Regierungen und Unternehmen finanzierten Ära der industriellen Forschung, die die akademische Welt und die internationale Politik für Jahrzehnte prägen wird. Der mit dem Pulitzer-Preis ausgezeichnete Journalist Michael Hiltzik erzählt in diesem Buch die spannende Geschichte, wie eine Erfindung die Welt und den Menschen dahinter verändert hat.
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Büyük Bilim: Ernest Lawrence ve Askeri-Endüstriyel Kompleksi Başlatan Buluş 1930'larda, bilimsel çabaların ölçeği katlanarak büyümeye başladı, makineler daha büyük ve daha iddialı hale geldi. Böyle bir buluş, parçacık hızlandırıcı, nükleer fizikte devrim yarattı ve dünya üzerinde derin bir etkisi oldu. 100 dolardan daha ucuza mal olan ilk güçlendirici, yaratıcının avucunda tutulurken, soyundan gelen Büyük Hadron Çarpıştırıcısı, 10 milyar dolara mal oldu ve çevrenin etrafında 17 mil yayıldı. Bilimsel araştırmalardaki bu inanılmaz artış, hükümetler ve şirketler tarafından yönlendirildi ve "Büyük Bilim'in doğuşuna yol açtı. "Büyük Bilim'in tarihi, yaklaşık dokuz yıl önce Ernest Orlando Lawrence adlı genç bir bilim adamının icadı olan siklotron üzerinde çalıştığı Berkeley, Kaliforniya'ya kadar izlenebilir. Lawrence sadece parlak bir fizikçi değil, aynı zamanda kendini tanıtma ustasıydı ve "Ünlü olacağım. "Onun icadı, doğanın temel yapı taşları hakkındaki anlayışımızı dönüştürecek ve II. Dünya Savaşı'nın kazanılmasında çok önemli bir rol oynayacaktır. Ayrıca, hükümetler ve şirketler tarafından finanse edilen ve onlarca yıl boyunca akademiyi ve uluslararası siyaseti şekillendirecek bir endüstriyel araştırma dönemi olan" Büyük Bilim'in başlangıcını işaret etti. Pulitzer ödüllü gazeteci Michael Hiltzik, bir buluşun dünyayı ve arkasındaki adamı nasıl değiştirdiğinin büyüleyici hikayesini anlatıyor.
العلوم الكبيرة: إرنست لورانس والاختراع الذي أطلق المجمع العسكري الصناعي في الثلاثينيات، بدأ حجم المساعي العلمية في النمو بشكل كبير، وأصبحت الآلات أكبر وأكثر طموحًا. أحد هذه الاختراعات، مسرع الجسيمات، أحدث ثورة في الفيزياء النووية وكان له تأثير عميق على العالم. تم الاحتفاظ بالمعزز الأول، الذي تكلف أقل من 100 دولار، في كف المبدع، بينما كلف سليله، مصادم الهدرونات الكبير، 10 مليارات دولار وامتد 17 ميلاً حول المحيط. هذه الزيادة المذهلة في البحث العلمي كانت مدفوعة بالحكومات والشركات، مما أدى إلى ولادة "Big Science. "يمكن إرجاع تاريخ" Big Science "إلى بيركلي، كاليفورنيا، منذ ما يقرب من تسعة عقود، حيث كان عالم شاب يدعى إرنست أورلاندو لورانس يعمل على اختراعه، السيكلوترون. لم يكن لورانس فيزيائيًا لامعًا فحسب، بل كان أيضًا أستاذًا في الترويج الذاتي، وقال، "سأكون مشهورًا. "سيغير اختراعه فهمنا لبنات البناء الأساسية للطبيعة ويلعب دورًا حاسمًا في الفوز بالحرب العالمية الثانية. كما أنه يمثل بداية" Big Science "، وهي حقبة من الأبحاث الصناعية التي تمولها الحكومات والشركات والتي من شأنها تشكيل الأوساط الأكاديمية و السياسة الدولية لعقود قادمة. في هذا الكتاب، يروي الصحفي مايكل هيلتزيك الحائز على جائزة بوليتزر القصة الرائعة لكيفية تغيير اختراع واحد للعالم والرجل الذي يقف وراء كل ذلك.

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