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Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico: Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the Codex Borgia - Susan Milbrath January 30, 2013 PDF  BOOKS
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Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico: Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the Codex Borgia
Author: Susan Milbrath
Year: January 30, 2013
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 26 MB
Language: English



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Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico: Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the Codex Borgia The Codex Borgia, a masterpiece that predates the Spanish conquest of central Mexico, is a remarkable example of pre-Columbian art and astronomy. Within its beautifully painted pages, there is a section (pages 2946) that has been the subject of debate for over a century. In her book, Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico, Susan Milbrath presents a compelling new interpretation of this enigmatic passage, offering insights from ethnohistory, anthropology, art history, and archaeoastronomy to shed light on its meaning. Astronomical Events Recorded in the Codex Borgia Contrary to previous scholars who have interpreted Borgia 2946 as a mythic history of the heavens and the earth, Milbrath demonstrates that the narrative documents real-time astronomical events that occurred in the year AD 1495-1496. She interprets the complex symbols in the screenfold's imagery in light of known astronomical events, revealing that the passage records a total solar eclipse in August 1496, a November meteor shower, and the appearance of a comet first sighted in February 1496. Additionally, she shows how the narrative is organized according to the eighteen-month festival calendar and how seasonal cycles in nature are represented in its imagery.
Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico: Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the Codex Borgia Кодекс Борджиа, шедевр, предшествовавший испанскому завоеванию центральной Мексики, является замечательным примером доколумбовского искусства и астрономии. В его прекрасно раскрашенных страницах есть раздел (страницы 2946), который уже более века является предметом дискуссий. В своей книге «Небо и земля в древней Мексике» Сьюзан Милбрат представляет новую убедительную интерпретацию этого загадочного отрывка, предлагая идеи из этноистории, антропологии, истории искусства и археоастрономии, чтобы пролить свет на его значение. Вопреки предыдущим ученым, которые интерпретировали Борджиа 2946 как мифическую историю небес и земли, Милбрат демонстрирует, что повествование документирует астрономические события в реальном времени, произошедшие в 1495-1496 годах нашей эры. Она интерпретирует сложные символы на снимках скриншота в свете известных астрономических событий, показывая, что проход регистрирует полное солнечное затмение в августе 1496 года, ноябрьский метеорный поток и появление кометы, впервые замеченной в феврале 1496 года. Кроме того, она показывает, как повествование организовано в соответствии с восемнадцатимесячным фестивальным календарём и как представлены в его образах сезонные циклы в природе.
Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico : Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the Codex Borgia Codex Borgia, le chef-d'œuvre qui a précédé la conquête espagnole du Mexique central, est un exemple remarquable de l'art et de l'astronomie précolombiens. Dans ses pages parfaitement colorées, il y a une section (pages 2946) qui fait l'objet de débats depuis plus d'un siècle. Dans son livre « ciel et la terre dans l'ancien Mexique », Susan Milbrat présente une nouvelle interprétation convaincante de ce passage mystérieux, proposant des idées issues de l'ethnohistoire, de l'anthropologie, de l'histoire de l'art et de l'archéoastronomie, afin de mettre en lumière sa signification. Contrairement aux scientifiques précédents qui ont interprété Borgia 2946 comme une histoire mythique du ciel et de la terre, Milbrat démontre que la narration documente les événements astronomiques en temps réel qui se sont produits entre 1495 et 1496 de notre ère. Elle interprète les symboles complexes sur les images de la capture d'écran à la lumière d'événements astronomiques connus, montrant que le passage enregistre une éclipse solaire totale en août 1496, le flux météorologique de novembre et l'apparition de la comète, observée pour la première fois en février 1496. En outre, elle montre comment la narration est organisée selon le calendrier du festival de dix-huit mois et comment ses images présentent les cycles saisonniers dans la nature.
Heaven and Earth in Ancient México: Astronomy and Seasonal Cycles in the Codex Borgia códice Borgia, obra maestra que precedió a la conquista española del centro de México, es un notable ejemplo de arte y astronomía precolombinas. En sus páginas perfectamente coloreadas hay una sección (páginas 2946) que ha sido objeto de debate durante más de un siglo. En su libro «cielo y la tierra en el México antiguo», Susan Milbrat presenta una nueva interpretación convincente de este pasaje enigmático, ofreciendo ideas de la etnohistoria, la antropología, la historia del arte y la arqueoastronomía para arrojar luz sobre su significado. Contrario a los científicos anteriores, que interpretaron a Borgia 2946 como la historia mítica de los cielos y la tierra, Milbrat demuestra que la narración documenta eventos astronómicos en tiempo real que ocurrieron en 1495-1496 d. C. Interpreta símbolos complejos en imágenes de captura de pantalla a la luz de eventos astronómicos conocidos, mostrando que el pasaje registra un eclipse solar total en agosto de 1496, una lluvia de meteoros de noviembre y la aparición de un cometa avistado por primera vez en febrero de 1496. Además, muestra cómo la narración se organiza de acuerdo con el calendario de festivales de dieciocho meses y cómo se presentan en sus imágenes los ciclos estacionales en la naturaleza.
Heaven and Earth in Ancient México: Astronomy and Seasonal Cicles in the Codex Borgia Código de Borgia, a obra-prima anterior à conquista espanhola do México Central, é um excelente exemplo da arte pré-colombiana e da astronomia. Suas páginas perfeitamente pintadas têm uma seção (páginas 2946) que tem sido alvo de debates há mais de um século. Em seu livro «O Céu e a Terra no México Antigo», Susan Milbrat apresenta uma nova interpretação convincente desta misteriosa passagem, oferecendo ideias de etnoistoria, antropologia, história da arte e arqueoastronomia para esclarecer seu significado. Ao contrário dos cientistas anteriores, que interpretaram Borgia 2946 como uma história mítica dos céus e da terra, Milbrat demonstra que a narrativa documenta eventos astronômicos em tempo real ocorridos entre 1495 e 1496. Ela interpreta caracteres complexos nas imagens do screenshot à luz de eventos astronômicos conhecidos, mostrando que a passagem registra o eclipse solar total em agosto de 1496, o fluxo meteórico de novembro e o aparecimento do cometa, visto pela primeira vez em fevereiro de 1496. Além disso, mostra como a narrativa é organizada de acordo com o calendário de 18 meses do festival e como são apresentados ciclos sazonais na natureza em suas imagens.
Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico: Astronomy and Seasonal Cicles in the Codex Borgia Codice Borgia, il capolavoro che ha preceduto la conquista spagnola del Messico centrale, è un ottimo esempio di arte e astronomia precolombiana. sue pagine perfettamente dipinte hanno una sezione (pagine 2946) che è stata oggetto di discussioni da oltre un secolo. Nel suo libro «Il cielo e la terra nell'antico Messico», Susan Milbrat presenta una nuova interpretazione convincente di questo misterioso passaggio, offrendo idee provenienti dall'etnoistoria, dall'antropologia, dalla storia dell'arte e dall'archeoastronomia per illuminarne il significato. Contrariamente agli scienziati precedenti che hanno interpretato Borgia 2946 come una storia mitologica dei cieli e della terra, Milbrat dimostra che la narrazione documenta gli eventi astronomici in tempo reale avvenuti tra il 1495 e il 1496 Cristo. Interpreta i simboli complessi nelle immagini dello screenshot alla luce di eventi astronomici noti, mostrando che il passaggio registra l'eclissi solare totale nell'agosto del 1496, il flusso meteorico di novembre e la comparsa della cometa, vista per la prima volta nel febbraio del 1496. Inoltre, mostra come la narrazione è organizzata secondo il calendario del festival di diciotto mesi e come le sue immagini presentano cicli stagionali in natura.
Himmel und Erde im alten Mexiko: Astronomie und Jahreszeiten im Codex Borgia Der Codex Borgia, ein Meisterwerk vor der spanischen Eroberung Zentralmexikos, ist ein bemerkenswertes Beispiel präkolumbianischer Kunst und Astronomie. In seinen wunderschön bemalten Seiten gibt es einen Abschnitt (Seiten 2946), der seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert Gegenstand von Diskussionen ist. In ihrem Buch „Sky and Earth in Ancient Mexico“ präsentiert Susan Milbrat eine überzeugende neue Interpretation dieser rätselhaften Passage und bietet Einblicke in Ethnogeschichte, Anthropologie, Kunstgeschichte und Archäoastronomie, um ihre Bedeutung zu beleuchten. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Wissenschaftlern, die Borgia 2946 als mythische Geschichte von Himmel und Erde interpretierten, zeigt Milbrath, dass die Erzählung astronomische Ereignisse in Echtzeit dokumentiert, die in den Jahren 1495-1496 n. Chr. Stattfanden. e interpretiert die komplexen Symbole in den Screenshots im Lichte bekannter astronomischer Ereignisse und zeigt, dass die Passage eine totale Sonnenfinsternis im August 1496, einen Meteorschauer im November und das Erscheinen eines Kometen registriert, der erstmals im Februar 1496 gesehen wurde. Darüber hinaus zeigt sie, wie die Erzählung nach dem achtzehnmonatigen Festivalkalender organisiert ist und wie in seinen Bildern saisonale Zyklen in der Natur dargestellt werden.
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Antik Meksika'da Cennet ve Dünya: Kodeks Borgia'da Astronomi ve Mevsimsel Döngüler Orta Meksika'nın İspanyol fethinden önce gelen bir başyapıt olan Borgia Kodeksi, Kolomb öncesi sanat ve astronominin dikkat çekici bir örneğidir. Güzel renkli sayfaları, bir yüzyıldan fazla bir süredir tartışma konusu olan bir bölüme (sayfa 2946) sahiptir. Susan Milbrath, "Heaven and Earth in Ancient Mexico'adlı kitabında, bu esrarengiz pasajın, etnohistorinin, antropolojinin, sanat tarihinin ve arkeoastronominin önemine ışık tutmak için içgörüler sunan yeni bir yorumunu sunuyor. Borgia 2946'yı efsanevi bir cennet ve dünya tarihi olarak yorumlayan önceki akademisyenlerin aksine, Milbrath, anlatının MS 1495-1496'da meydana gelen astronomik olayları gerçek zamanlı olarak belgelediğini göstermektedir. Bilinen astronomik olayların ışığında ekran görüntülerindeki karmaşık sembolleri yorumlayarak, pasajın Ağustos 1496'da tam bir güneş tutulması, Kasım meteor yağmuru ve ilk olarak Şubat 1496'da görülen bir kuyruklu yıldızın görünümünü kaydettiğini gösteriyor. Ayrıca, anlatının on sekiz aylık festival takvimine uygun olarak nasıl düzenlendiğini ve doğadaki mevsimsel döngülerin görüntülerinde nasıl sunulduğunu gösterir.
السماء والأرض في المكسيك القديمة: علم الفلك والدورات الموسمية في المجلد بورجيا يعد مجلد بورجيا، وهو تحفة فنية سبقت الغزو الإسباني لوسط المكسيك، مثالًا رائعًا على الفن وعلم الفلك قبل كولومبيا. تحتوي صفحاتها الملونة بشكل جميل على قسم (الصفحات 2946) كان موضوع نقاش لأكثر من قرن. في كتابها «السماء والأرض في المكسيك القديمة»، تقدم سوزان ميلبراث تفسيرًا جديدًا مقنعًا لهذا المقطع الغامض، حيث تقدم رؤى من التاريخ العرقي والأنثروبولوجيا وتاريخ الفن وعلم الفلك الأثري لتسليط الضوء على أهميته. على عكس العلماء السابقين الذين فسروا بورجيا 2946 على أنها تاريخ أسطوري للسماء والأرض، يوضح ميلبراث أن السرد يوثق الأحداث الفلكية في الوقت الفعلي التي حدثت في 1495-1496 م. وهي تفسر الرموز المعقدة في صور لقطات الشاشة في ضوء الأحداث الفلكية المعروفة، مما يدل على أن الممر يسجل كسوفًا كاملاً للشمس في أغسطس 1496، ودش نيزك في نوفمبر، وظهور مذنب شوهد لأول مرة في فبراير 1496. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يوضح كيف يتم تنظيم السرد وفقًا لتقويم المهرجان لمدة ثمانية عشر شهرًا وكيف يتم عرض الدورات الموسمية في الطبيعة في صورها.

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