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Liberty's Grid: A Founding Father, a Mathematical Dreamland, and the Shaping of America
Author: Amir Alexander
Year: May 29, 2024
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 4.9 MB
Language: English



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Liberty's Grid: A Founding Father, a Mathematical Dreamland, and the Shaping of America In this captivating book, Amir Alexander delves into the surprising history behind one of the most ubiquitous features of the United States - the gridded landscape that stretches across the country. From the air, much of America appears as a checkerboard of precise rectangles and perpendicular streets, a testament to the colossal grid carved into the North American continent by Thomas Jefferson in 1784. This grid was not just an administrative convenience, but a plan redolent with philosophical and political meaning, rooted in the belief that mathematical space is a blank slate where anything is possible and new Americans could find liberty. Jefferson's vision of a grid-patterned America was not without controversy, however. Transcendentalists, urban reformers, and conservationists saw the grid as an artificial imposition that crushed the human spirit, and the battle over American space has not subsided since Congress endorsed his plan. Today, the ideas Jefferson associated with the grid continue to echo through political rhetoric, visible from Manhattan avenues and Kansan pastures to Yosemite's cliffs and suburbia's cul-de-sacs.
Liberty's Grid: A Founder Father, a Mathematical Dreamland, and the Shaping of America В этой увлекательной книге Амир Александр углубляется в удивительную историю, лежащую в основе одной из самых вездесущих особенностей Соединенных Штатов - сетчатого ландшафта, который простирается по всей стране. С воздуха большая часть Америки предстает как шахматная доска из точных прямоугольников и перпендикулярных улиц, свидетельство колоссальной сетки, вырезанной на североамериканском континенте Томасом Джефферсоном в 1784 году. Эта сетка была не просто административным удобством, а планом, имеющим философский и политический смысл, коренящимся в убеждении, что математическое пространство - это чистый лист, где все возможно, и новые американцы могут найти свободу. Однако видение Джефферсона об Америке с узором в виде сетки не обошлось без противоречий. Трансценденталисты, городские реформаторы и защитники природы рассматривали сетку как искусственное наложение, которое сокрушило человеческий дух, и битва за американское пространство не утихла с тех пор, как Конгресс одобрил его план. Сегодня идеи Джефферсона, связанные с сеткой, продолжают перекликаться через политическую риторику, видимую от Манхэттенских проспектов и пастбищ Кансана до скал Йосемити и тупиков пригорода.
Liberty's Grid : A Founder Father, a Mathematical Dreamland, and the Shaping of America Dans ce livre fascinant, Amir Alexander explore l'histoire étonnante qui sous-tend l'une des caractéristiques les plus omniprésentes des États-Unis - un paysage maillé qui s'étend à travers le pays. De l'air, une grande partie de l'Amérique apparaît comme un échiquier à partir de rectangles précis et de rues perpendiculaires, preuve d'une énorme grille découpée sur le continent nord-américain par Thomas Jefferson en 1784. Cette grille n'était pas seulement une commodité administrative, mais un plan qui avait un sens philosophique et politique, enraciné dans la conviction que l'espace mathématique est une feuille blanche où tout est possible, et les nouveaux Américains peuvent trouver la liberté. Mais la vision de Jefferson de l'Amérique avec un motif en forme de grille n'a pas été sans contradiction. s transcendantalistes, les réformateurs urbains et les défenseurs de la nature ont vu la grille comme une superposition artificielle qui a écrasé l'esprit humain, et la bataille pour l'espace américain n'a pas cessé depuis que le Congrès a approuvé son plan. Aujourd'hui, les idées de Jefferson liées à la grille continuent de résonner à travers la rhétorique politique, depuis les avenues de Manhattan et les pâturages de Kansan jusqu'aux rochers de Yosemite et aux impasses de la banlieue.
Liberty's Grid: A Founder Father, a Mathematical Dreamland, and the Shaping of America En este fascinante libro, Amir Alexander profundiza en la sorprendente historia detrás de una de las características más omnipresentes de Estados Unidos - un paisaje reticulado que se extiende por todo el país. Desde el aire, gran parte de América aparece como un tablero de ajedrez de rectángulos precisos y calles perpendiculares, testimonio de la colosal malla tallada en el continente norteamericano por Thomas Jefferson en 1784. Esta cuadrícula no era solo una conveniencia administrativa, sino un plan con sentido filosófico y político, arraigado en la creencia de que el espacio matemático es una hoja en blanco donde todo es posible y los nuevos estadounidenses pueden encontrar la libertad. n embargo, la visión de Jefferson sobre América con un patrón en forma de malla no estuvo exenta de contradicciones. trascendentalistas, reformadores urbanos y conservacionistas veían la rejilla como una superposición artificial que aplastaba el espíritu humano, y la batalla por el espacio americano no ha disminuido desde que el Congreso aprobó su plan. Hoy en día, las ideas de Jefferson relacionadas con la malla continúan haciéndose eco a través de la retórica política visible desde las avenidas y pastizales de Manhattan Kansan hasta las rocas de Yosemite y los callejones sin salida de los suburbios.
Liberty 's Grid: A Founder Father, a Mathematical Dreamland, and the Shaping of America In diesem faszinierenden Buch taucht Amir Alexander tief in die erstaunliche Geschichte ein, die einem der allgegenwärtigsten Merkmale der Vereinigten Staaten zugrunde liegt - einer Gitterlandschaft, die sich über das ganze Land erstreckt. Aus der Luft erscheint ein Großteil Amerikas als Schachbrett aus präzisen Rechtecken und senkrechten Straßen, ein Beweis für das kolossale Raster, das Thomas Jefferson 1784 auf dem nordamerikanischen Kontinent geschnitzt hat. Dieses Raster war nicht nur eine administrative Bequemlichkeit, sondern ein Plan mit philosophischer und politischer Bedeutung, der in der Überzeugung wurzelte, dass der mathematische Raum ein unbeschriebenes Blatt ist, in dem alles möglich ist und neue Amerikaner Freiheit finden können. Jeffersons Vision von Amerika mit einem Muster in Form eines Gitters war jedoch nicht ohne Widersprüche. Transzendentalisten, Stadtreformer und Naturschützer betrachteten das Raster als künstliche Überlagerung, die den menschlichen Geist zerschmetterte, und der Kampf um den amerikanischen Raum hat nicht nachgelassen, seit der Kongress seinen Plan gebilligt hat. Heute spiegeln Jeffersons Grid-bezogene Ideen weiterhin die politische Rhetorik wider, die von den Manhattan-Alleen und Kansan-Weiden bis zu den Klippen von Yosemite und den Sackgassen der Vororte sichtbar ist.
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Liberty's Grid: A Founder Father, a Mathematical Dreamland, and the Shaping of America (Liberty'nin Izgarası: Kurucu Bir Baba, Matematiksel Bir Düş Ülkesi ve Amerika'nın Şekillenmesi) Bu büyüleyici kitapta Amir Alexander, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin en yaygın özelliklerinden birinin ardındaki şaşırtıcı tarihe değiniyor. Havadan, Amerika'nın çoğu, 1784'te Thomas Jefferson tarafından Kuzey Amerika kıtasında oyulmuş devasa bir ızgaranın kanıtı olan kesin dikdörtgenler ve dik sokaklardan oluşan bir dama tahtası olarak görünür. Bu ızgara sadece idari bir kolaylık değil, aynı zamanda matematiksel alanın her şeyin mümkün olduğu ve yeni Amerikalıların özgürlüğü bulabileceği boş bir sayfa olduğu inancına dayanan felsefi ve politik anlamı olan bir plandı. Bununla birlikte, Jefferson'un ızgara desenli bir Amerika vizyonu tartışmasız değildi. Transandantalistler, kentsel reformcular ve korumacılar, ızgarayı insan ruhunu ezen yapay bir kaplama olarak gördüler ve Kongre planını onayladığından beri Amerikan alanı için savaş azalmadı. Bugün, Jefferson'un şebekeyle ilgili fikirleri, Manhattan caddelerinden ve Kansan meralarından Yosemite kayalıklarına ve banliyö çıkmaz sokaklarına kadar görülen siyasi retorikle yankılanmaya devam ediyor.
Liberty's Grid: أب مؤسس، أرض أحلام رياضية، وتشكيل أمريكا في هذا الكتاب الرائع، يتعمق أمير ألكسندر في التاريخ المذهل وراء واحدة من أكثر السمات انتشارًا في الولايات المتحدة - منظر طبيعي مكتظ يمتد عبر البلاد. من الجو، يظهر جزء كبير من أمريكا كلوحة شطرنج من المستطيلات الدقيقة والشوارع العمودية، وهي دليل على شبكة ضخمة نحتها توماس جيفرسون في قارة أمريكا الشمالية في عام 1784. لم تكن هذه الشبكة مجرد راحة إدارية، ولكنها خطة ذات معنى فلسفي وسياسي، متجذرة في الاعتقاد بأن الفضاء الرياضي هو قائمة فارغة حيث يكون كل شيء ممكنًا ويمكن للأمريكيين الجدد العثور على الحرية. ومع ذلك، لم تكن رؤية جيفرسون لأمريكا المزخرفة بالشبكة خالية من الجدل. رأى المتجاوزون والإصلاحيون الحضريون ودعاة الحفاظ على البيئة الشبكة على أنها تراكب مصطنع سحق الروح البشرية، ولم تهدأ المعركة من أجل الفضاء الأمريكي منذ أن وافق الكونجرس على خطته. اليوم، تستمر أفكار جيفرسون المتعلقة بالشبكة في ترديد صدى الخطاب السياسي الذي شوهد من شوارع مانهاتن ومراعي كانسان إلى منحدرات يوسمايت وطرق مسدودة في الضواحي.

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