BOOKS - The Genetical Theory Of Natural Selection
The Genetical Theory Of Natural Selection - R a Fisher October 16, 2018 PDF  BOOKS
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The Genetical Theory Of Natural Selection
Author: R a Fisher
Year: October 16, 2018
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 1.5 MB
Language: English



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This book is considered one of the most important works of the modern synthesis and has had a significant impact on the field of biology. In this article, we will delve into the plot of the book and explore its key concepts, highlighting their relevance to understanding the evolution of technology for human survival. The Book's Plot The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection begins with an introduction to Mendelism, which Fisher argues validates Darwinism. He posits that the vast majority of large mutations are deleterious, while small mutations are more frequent and more likely to be useful. This refutes orthogenesis, the idea that species evolve in a predetermined direction. Instead, Fisher suggests that evolution is driven by random genetic changes, or mutations, that occur in populations. Fisher's Principle One of the key concepts in the book is Fisher's principle, which states that the rate of evolution is proportional to the size of the population and inversely proportional to the strength of selection. This means that larger populations with weaker selection will evolve faster than smaller populations with stronger selection. This principle has been widely cited in biology books and is still considered an important concept today.
Эта книга считается одной из важнейших работ современного синтеза и оказала значительное влияние на область биологии. В этой статье мы углубимся в сюжет книги и изучим ее ключевые концепции, подчеркнув их актуальность для понимания эволюции технологий выживания человека. «The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection» начинается с введения в менделизм, которое, как утверждает Фишер, подтверждает дарвинизм. Он утверждает, что подавляющее большинство крупных мутаций вредны, в то время как небольшие мутации встречаются чаще и с большей вероятностью будут полезны. Это опровергает ортогенез, идею о том, что виды эволюционируют в заранее определенном направлении. Вместо этого Фишер предполагает, что эволюция обусловлена случайными генетическими изменениями или мутациями, которые происходят в популяциях. Принцип Фишера Одним из ключевых понятий в книге является принцип Фишера, который утверждает, что скорость эволюции пропорциональна размеру популяции и обратно пропорциональна силе отбора. Это означает, что большие популяции с более слабым отбором будут развиваться быстрее, чем меньшие популяции с более сильным отбором. Этот принцип широко цитировался в книгах по биологии и до сих пор считается важной концепцией.
Ce livre est considéré comme l'un des travaux les plus importants de la synthèse moderne et a eu un impact significatif dans le domaine de la biologie. Dans cet article, nous allons approfondir l'histoire du livre et étudier ses concepts clés, en soulignant leur pertinence pour comprendre l'évolution des technologies de survie humaine. « The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection » commence par une introduction au mendélisme, qui, selon Fisher, confirme le darwinisme. Il affirme que la grande majorité des grandes mutations sont nocives, tandis que les petites mutations sont plus fréquentes et plus susceptibles d'être bénéfiques. Cela réfute l'orthogenèse, l'idée que les espèces évoluent dans une direction prédéterminée. Au lieu de cela, Fisher suggère que l'évolution est due à des changements génétiques aléatoires ou à des mutations qui se produisent dans les populations. principe de Fisher L'un des concepts clés du livre est le principe de Fisher, qui affirme que la vitesse d'évolution est proportionnelle à la taille de la population et inversement proportionnelle à la force de sélection. Cela signifie que de grandes populations avec une sélection plus faible se développeront plus rapidement que des populations plus petites avec une sélection plus forte. Ce principe a été largement cité dans les livres de biologie et est toujours considéré comme un concept important.
Este libro es considerado una de las obras más importantes de la síntesis moderna y ha tenido una influencia significativa en el campo de la biología. En este artículo profundizaremos en la trama del libro y exploraremos sus conceptos clave, destacando su relevancia para entender la evolución de las tecnologías de supervivencia humana. «La Teoría Genética de la Selección Natural» comienza con una introducción al mendelismo que Fisher afirma que confirma el darwinismo. Afirma que la gran mayoría de las grandes mutaciones son dañinas, mientras que las pequeñas mutaciones son más frecuentes y más propensas a ser beneficiosas. Esto refuta la ortogénesis, la idea de que las especies evolucionan en una dirección predefinida. En cambio, Fisher sugiere que la evolución se debe a cambios genéticos aleatorios o mutaciones que ocurren en las poblaciones. Principio de Fisher Uno de los conceptos clave en el libro es el principio de Fisher, que afirma que la velocidad de evolución es proporcional al tamaño de la población y inversamente proporcional a la fuerza de selección. Esto significa que las poblaciones más grandes con selecciones más débiles se desarrollarán más rápido que las poblaciones más pequeñas con selecciones más fuertes. Este principio ha sido ampliamente citado en libros de biología y todavía se considera un concepto importante.
Questo libro è considerato uno dei lavori più importanti della sintesi moderna e ha avuto un impatto significativo sul campo della biologia. In questo articolo approfondiremo la trama del libro e studieremo i suoi concetti chiave, sottolineando la loro rilevanza per comprendere l'evoluzione delle tecnologie di sopravvivenza umana. «The Genetical Theory of Naturale Selection» inizia con l'introduzione al cambialismo, che Fisher sostiene sia il darwinismo. Sostiene che la stragrande maggioranza delle grandi mutazioni sono dannose, mentre piccole mutazioni sono più frequenti e sono più probabili di essere utili. Questo smentisce l'ortogenesi, l'idea che le specie si stiano evolvendo in una direzione predefinita. Fisher suggerisce invece che l'evoluzione sia dovuta a cambiamenti genetici o mutazioni accidentali che si verificano nelle popolazioni. Il principio di Fisher Uno dei concetti chiave del libro è quello di Fisher, che sostiene che la velocità di evoluzione è proporzionale alla dimensione della popolazione e inversamente proporzionale al potere di selezione. Ciò significa che le popolazioni più grandi con una selezione più debole si svilupperanno più velocemente rispetto a quelle più piccole con una selezione più forte. Questo principio è stato ampiamente citato nei libri di biologia ed è ancora considerato un concetto importante.
Dieses Buch gilt als eines der wichtigsten Werke der modernen Synthese und hatte erheblichen Einfluss auf das Gebiet der Biologie. In diesem Artikel werden wir tiefer in die Handlung des Buches eintauchen und seine Schlüsselkonzepte untersuchen und ihre Relevanz für das Verständnis der Entwicklung menschlicher Überlebenstechnologien hervorheben. „The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection“ beginnt mit einer Einführung in den Mendelismus, die, wie Fischer behauptet, den Darwinismus bestätigt. Er argumentiert, dass die überwiegende Mehrheit der großen Mutationen schädlich ist, während kleine Mutationen häufiger sind und eher nützlich sind. Dies widerlegt die Orthogenese, die Idee, dass sich Arten in eine vorbestimmte Richtung entwickeln. Stattdessen schlägt Fischer vor, dass die Evolution auf zufällige genetische Veränderungen oder Mutationen zurückzuführen ist, die in Populationen auftreten. Das Fischer-Prinzip Eines der Schlüsselbegriffe des Buches ist das Fischer-Prinzip, das besagt, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Evolution proportional zur Größe der Population und umgekehrt proportional zur Stärke der Selektion ist. Dies bedeutet, dass sich größere Populationen mit einer schwächeren Selektion schneller entwickeln als kleinere Populationen mit einer stärkeren Selektion. Dieses Prinzip wurde in Biologiebüchern ausführlich zitiert und gilt bis heute als wichtiges Konzept.
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Bu kitap modern sentezin en önemli eserlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir ve biyoloji alanında önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu makalede, kitabın konusunu inceliyoruz ve temel kavramlarını keşfediyoruz, insan hayatta kalma teknolojilerinin evrimini anlama konusundaki ilgilerini vurguluyoruz. "Doğal Seçilimin Genetik Teorisi", Fisher'in Darwinizm'i doğruladığını iddia ettiği Mendelizm'e bir giriş ile başlar. Büyük mutasyonların büyük çoğunluğunun zararlı olduğunu, küçük mutasyonların daha yaygın olduğunu ve faydalı olma ihtimalinin daha yüksek olduğunu savunuyor. Bu, türlerin önceden belirlenmiş bir yönde geliştiği fikri olan ortogenezi çürütür. Bunun yerine Fisher, evrimin popülasyonlarda meydana gelen rastgele genetik değişiklikler veya mutasyonlardan kaynaklandığını öne sürüyor. Kitaptaki anahtar kavramlardan biri, evrim oranının popülasyon büyüklüğü ile orantılı ve seçilimin gücü ile ters orantılı olduğunu belirten Fisher ilkesidir. Bu, daha zayıf seçilime sahip daha büyük popülasyonların, daha güçlü seçilime sahip daha küçük popülasyonlardan daha hızlı gelişeceği anlamına gelir. Bu ilke biyoloji kitaplarında yaygın olarak alıntılanmıştır ve hala önemli bir kavram olarak kabul edilmektedir.
يعتبر هذا الكتاب أحد أهم أعمال التوليف الحديث وكان له تأثير كبير على مجال علم الأحياء. في هذا المقال، نتعمق في حبكة الكتاب ونستكشف مفاهيمه الرئيسية، ونسلط الضوء على أهميتها لفهم تطور تقنيات بقاء الإنسان. تبدأ «النظرية الجينية للانتقاء الطبيعي» بمقدمة عن المندلية، والتي يجادل فيشر بأنها تؤكد الداروينية. يجادل بأن الغالبية العظمى من الطفرات الكبيرة ضارة، في حين أن الطفرات الصغيرة أكثر شيوعًا وأكثر عرضة للفائدة. هذا يدحض التقويم، فكرة أن الأنواع تتطور في اتجاه محدد مسبقًا. بدلاً من ذلك، يقترح فيشر أن التطور يرجع إلى التغيرات الجينية العشوائية أو الطفرات التي تحدث في السكان. مبدأ فيشر أحد المفاهيم الرئيسية في الكتاب هو مبدأ فيشر، الذي ينص على أن معدل التطور يتناسب مع حجم السكان ويتناسب عكسياً مع قوة الانتقاء. هذا يعني أن مجموعات سكانية أكبر ذات اختيار أضعف ستتطور بشكل أسرع من مجموعات سكانية أصغر مع اختيار أقوى. تم الاستشهاد بهذا المبدأ على نطاق واسع في كتب علم الأحياء ولا يزال يعتبر مفهومًا مهمًا.

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