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Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants - H.W. Brands November 13, 2018 PDF  BOOKS
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Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun and Daniel Webster, the Second Generation of American Giants
Author: H.W. Brands
Year: November 13, 2018
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 27 MB



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Heirs of the Founders: The Epic Rivalry of Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Daniel Webster In the early 1800s, three young men strode onto the national stage, elected to Congress at a moment when the Founding Fathers were beginning to retire to their farms. These heirs of Washington, Jefferson, and Adams - Henry Clay of Kentucky, Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and John Calhoun of South Carolina - took the country on a journey of political intrigue, duels, fierce debates, scandals, and political betrayal. Their rise was marked by dramatic events that would shape the future of America. The Second Generation of American Giants Henry Clay, known for his eloquence and ambition, embodied the hopes of the rising West. Daniel Webster, with his piercing intellect, defended the North and its business class. John Calhoun, with his sharp eyes and even sharper intellect, stood up for the South and slavery. Together, these men took the country to war, battled one another for the presidency, and set out to complete the unfinished work of the Founding Fathers. They struggled with two glaring flaws in the Constitution: its refusal to specify where authority ultimately rested, either with the states or the nation, and its unwillingness to address the essential incompatibility of republicanism and slavery. A Riveting Story of Political Intrigue For four decades, these men argued bitterly and hammered out political compromises that held the Union together but only just. When California moved to join the Union as a free state, they had one last chance to save the country from the real risk of civil war.
Наследники основателей: эпическое соперничество Генри Клэя, Джона Калхуна и Дэниела Вебстера В начале 1800-х годов три молодых человека вышли на национальную сцену, избранные в Конгресс в тот момент, когда отцы-основатели начали уединяться на своих фермах. Эти наследники Вашингтона, Джефферсона и Адамса - Генри Клей из Кентукки, Дэниел Уэбстер из Массачусетса и Джон Калхун из Южной Каролины - повели страну в путешествие политических интриг, дуэлей, ожесточенных дебатов, скандалов и политического предательства. Их подъем ознаменовался драматическими событиями, которые сформировали бы будущее Америки. Второе поколение американских гигантов Генри Клэй, известный своим красноречием и амбициями, воплотил надежды восходящего Запада. Дэниел Уэбстер с его пронзительным интеллектом защищал Север и его бизнес-класс. Джон Кэлхун с его острыми глазами и еще более острым интеллектом вступился за Юг и рабство. Вместе эти люди повели страну на войну, сражались друг с другом за пост президента и намеревались завершить незавершенную работу отцов-основателей. Они боролись с двумя вопиющими недостатками Конституции: ее отказом указать, где в конечном итоге находится власть, либо с государствами, либо с нацией, и ее нежеланием решать проблему существенной несовместимости республиканизма и рабства. В течение четырех десятилетий эти люди горько спорили и вырабатывали политические компромиссы, которые удерживали Союз вместе, но только справедливо. Когда Калифорния переехала, чтобы присоединиться к Союзу в качестве свободного государства, у них был последний шанс спасти страну от реального риска гражданской войны.
Héritiers des fondateurs : rivalité épique entre Henry Clay, John Calhoun et Daniel Webster Au début des années 1800, trois jeunes hommes montent sur la scène nationale, élus au Congrès au moment où les pères fondateurs commencent à s'isoler dans leurs fermes. Ces héritiers de Washington, Jefferson et Adams - Henry Clay du Kentucky, Daniel Webster du Massachusetts et John Calhoun de Caroline du Sud - ont conduit le pays dans un voyage d'intrigues politiques, de duels, de débats violents, de scandales et de trahison politique. ur ascension a été marquée par des événements dramatiques qui façonneraient l'avenir de l'Amérique. La deuxième génération de géants américains, Henry Clay, connu pour son éloquence et son ambition, a incarné les espoirs d'un Occident ascendant. Daniel Webster, avec son intelligence perforante, défendait le Nord et sa classe affaires. John Calhoun, avec ses yeux pointus et son intelligence encore plus aiguë, a défendu le Sud et l'esclavage. Ensemble, ces hommes ont conduit le pays à la guerre, se sont battus pour la présidence et ont eu l'intention de terminer le travail inachevé des pères fondateurs. Ils ont lutté contre deux failles flagrantes de la Constitution : son refus d'indiquer où se trouve le pouvoir, soit avec les États, soit avec la nation, et sa réticence à résoudre le problème de l'incompatibilité substantielle entre le républicanisme et l'esclavage. Pendant quatre décennies, ces gens ont débattu amèrement et élaboré des compromis politiques qui ont maintenu l'Union ensemble, mais seulement à juste titre. Quand la Californie a déménagé pour rejoindre l'Union en tant qu'État libre, ils ont eu une dernière chance de sauver le pays du risque réel de guerre civile.
Herederos de los fundadores: la rivalidad épica de Henry Clay, John Calhoun y Daniel Webster A principios de la década de 1800, tres jóvenes subieron a la escena nacional elegidos para el Congreso en el momento en que los padres fundadores comenzaron a aislarse en sus granjas. Estos herederos de Washington, Jefferson y Adams - Henry Clay de Kentucky, Daniel Webster de Massachusetts y John Calhoun de Carolina del Sur - llevaron al país a un viaje de intrigas políticas, duelos, debates feroces, escándalos y traición política. Su ascenso estuvo marcado por acontecimientos dramáticos que darían forma al futuro de Estados Unidos. La segunda generación de gigantes estadounidenses, Henry Clay, conocido por su elocuencia y ambición, encarnó las esperanzas del Occidente ascendente. Daniel Webster, con su astuta inteligencia, defendió el Norte y su clase empresarial. John Calhoun, con sus ojos afilados y una inteligencia aún más aguda, luchó por el Sur y la esclavitud. Juntos, estos hombres llevaron al país a la guerra, lucharon entre sí por la presidencia y se propusieron completar el trabajo inconcluso de los padres fundadores. Lucharon contra dos flagrantes defectos de la Constitución: su negativa a indicar dónde estaba el poder, ya fuera con los Estados o con la nación, y su renuencia a abordar la incompatibilidad esencial del republicanismo y la esclavitud. Durante cuatro décadas, estas personas discutieron amargamente y desarrollaron compromisos políticos que mantuvieron unida a la Unión, pero sólo con razón. Cuando California se trasladó para unirse a la Unión como un estado libre, tuvieron la última oportunidad de salvar al país del riesgo real de una guerra civil.
Herdeiros dos fundadores: rivalidade épica entre Henry Clay, John Calhoun e Daniel Webster No início dos anos 1800, três jovens subiram ao palco nacional, escolhidos para o Congresso no momento em que os pais fundadores começaram a se isolar em suas fazendas. Estes herdeiros de Washington, Jefferson e Adams - Henry Cley de Kentucky, Daniel Webster de Massachusetts e John Calhoun da Carolina do Sul - levaram o país a uma jornada de intrigas políticas, duelos, debates violentos, escândalos e traições políticas. A sua ascensão foi marcada por acontecimentos dramáticos que moldariam o futuro da América. A segunda geração de gigantes americanos, Henry Clay, conhecido por sua eloquência e ambição, tornou realidade as esperanças do Ocidente em ascensão. O Daniel Webster protegia o Norte e a sua classe de negócios com a sua inteligência. John Calhoun, com os seus olhos afiados e uma inteligência ainda mais aguda, defendeu o Sul e a escravidão. Juntos, eles levaram o país à guerra, lutaram entre si pela presidência e pretenderam terminar o trabalho incompleto dos pais fundadores. Eles lutaram contra duas falhas flagrantes da Constituição: a sua recusa em indicar onde o poder se encontra, ou com os Estados ou com a nação, e a sua relutância em resolver o problema da incompatibilidade essencial entre o republicanismo e a escravidão. Durante quatro décadas, estas pessoas amargaram e produziram compromissos políticos que mantiveram a União unida, mas apenas com justiça. Quando a Califórnia se mudou para se juntar à União como um Estado livre, eles tiveram a última chance de salvar o país do risco real de uma guerra civil.
Gli eredi dei fondatori della rivalità epocale tra Henry Clay, John Calhoun e Daniel Webster I primi anni del 1800, tre giovani uomini salirono sulla scena nazionale eletti al Congresso nel momento in cui i padri fondatori cominciarono ad appartarsi nelle loro fattorie. Questi eredi di Washington, Jefferson e Adams - Henry Clay del Kentucky, Daniel Webster del Massachusetts e John Calhoun del South Carolina - hanno condotto il paese in un viaggio di intrecci politici, duelli, dibattiti violenti, scandali e tradimenti politici. La loro ascesa è stata segnata da eventi drammatici che avrebbero delineato il futuro dell'America. La seconda generazione di giganti americani, Henry Clay, noto per la sua eloquenza e ambizione, realizzò le speranze dell'Occidente nascente. Daniel Webster ha difeso il Nord e la sua classe aziendale con la sua intelligenza. John Calhoun, con i suoi occhi affilati e l'intelligenza ancora più acuta, ha difeso il Sud e la schiavitù. Insieme, questi uomini hanno portato il paese in guerra, combattuto l'uno contro l'altro per la presidenza e inteso completare il lavoro incompleto dei padri fondatori. Hanno combattuto due gravi difetti della Costituzione: il suo rifiuto di indicare dove si trova il potere, sia con gli Stati che con la nazione, e la sua riluttanza ad affrontare il problema della sostanziale incompatibilità tra repubblicanismo e schiavitù. Per quattro decenni, queste persone hanno discusso e prodotto amari compromessi politici che hanno tenuto insieme l'Unione, ma solo giustamente. Quando la California si è trasferita per unirsi all'Unione come Stato libero, hanno avuto l'ultima possibilità di salvare il paese dal rischio reale di una guerra civile.
Die Erben der Gründer: die epische Rivalität zwischen Henry Clay, John Calhoun und Daniel Webster Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts betraten drei junge Männer die nationale Bühne, die in den Kongress gewählt wurden, als die Gründerväter begannen, sich auf ihren Farmen zurückzuziehen. Diese Erben von Washington, Jefferson und Adams - Henry Clay aus Kentucky, Daniel Webster aus Massachusetts und John Calhoun aus South Carolina - führten das Land auf eine Reise politischer Intrigen, Duelle, heftiger Debatten, Skandale und politischen Verrats. Ihr Aufstieg war von dramatischen Ereignissen geprägt, die die Zukunft Amerikas prägen würden. Die zweite Generation amerikanischer Giganten, Henry Clay, bekannt für seine Beredsamkeit und seinen Ehrgeiz, verkörperte die Hoffnungen des aufsteigenden Westens. Daniel Webster verteidigte mit seiner schrillen Intelligenz den Norden und seine Business Class. John Calhoun setzte sich mit seinen scharfen Augen und seiner noch schärferen Intelligenz für den Süden und die Sklaverei ein. Gemeinsam führten diese Männer das Land in den Krieg, kämpften gegeneinander um die Präsidentschaft und machten sich daran, das unvollendete Werk der Gründerväter zu vollenden. e bekämpften zwei eklatante Mängel der Verfassung: ihre Weigerung, anzugeben, wo die Macht letztendlich liegt, entweder bei den Staaten oder der Nation, und ihre mangelnde Bereitschaft, das Problem der wesentlichen Unvereinbarkeit von Republikanismus und Sklaverei anzugehen. Vier Jahrzehnte lang haben diese Menschen erbittert gestritten und politische Kompromisse erarbeitet, die die Union zusammengehalten haben, aber nur fair. Als Kalifornien einzog, um der Union als freier Staat beizutreten, hatten sie die letzte Chance, das Land vor der realen Gefahr eines Bürgerkriegs zu retten.
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Kurucuların Mirasçıları: Henry Clay, John Calhoun ve Daniel Webster'ın Destansı Rekabeti 1800'lerin başında, üç genç adam ulusal sahneye çıktı ve Kurucu Ataların çiftliklerine çekilmeye başlamasıyla Kongre'ye seçildi. Washington, Jefferson ve Adams'ın mirasçıları - Kentucky'den Henry Clay, Massachusetts'ten Daniel Webster ve Güney Carolina'dan John Calhoun - ülkeyi siyasi entrika, düello, sert tartışma, skandal ve siyasi ihanet yolculuğuna götürdü. Onların yükselişi, Amerika'nın geleceğini şekillendirecek dramatik olaylarla işaretlendi. İkinci nesil Amerikan devleri, belagatı ve hırsıyla tanınan Henry Clay, yükselen Batı'nın umutlarını somutlaştırdı. Daniel Webster, delici zekasıyla Kuzey'i ve onun iş sınıfını savundu. John Calhoun, keskin gözleri ve daha keskin zekasıyla Güney'i ve köleliği savundu. Birlikte, bu adamlar ülkeyi savaşa götürdüler, başkanlık için birbirleriyle savaştılar ve kurucu babaların bitmemiş çalışmalarını tamamlamak için yola çıktılar. Anayasada iki göze çarpan kusurla mücadele ettiler: Gücün nihayetinde nerede olduğunu belirtmeyi reddetmesi, devletlerle ya da ulusla ve cumhuriyetçiliğin ve köleliğin temel uyumsuzluğunu ele alma konusundaki isteksizliği. Kırk yıl boyunca, bu adamlar acı bir şekilde tartıştılar ve Birliği bir arada tutan, ancak sadece adil bir şekilde siyasi uzlaşmalar yaptılar. Kaliforniya, Birliğe özgür bir devlet olarak katılmak için harekete geçtiğinde, ülkeyi gerçek bir iç savaş riskinden kurtarmak için son bir şansları vardı.
ورثة المؤسسين: التنافس الملحمي لهنري كلاي وجون كالهون ودانييل ويبستر في أوائل القرن التاسع عشر، صعد ثلاثة شبان إلى المسرح الوطني، وانتخبوا لعضوية الكونغرس تمامًا كما بدأ الآباء المؤسسون في التقاعد في مزارعهم. هؤلاء الورثة لواشنطن وجيفرسون وآدامز - هنري كلاي من كنتاكي ودانييل ويبستر من ماساتشوستس وجون كالهون من ساوث كارولينا - قادوا البلاد في رحلة من المؤامرات السياسية والمبارزة والنقاش المرير والفضيحة والخيانة السياسية. تميز صعودهم بأحداث دراماتيكية من شأنها أن تشكل مستقبل أمريكا. جسد الجيل الثاني من العمالقة الأمريكيين، هنري كلاي، المعروف ببلاغته وطموحه، آمال الغرب الصاعد. دافع دانيال ويبستر، بفكره الثاقب، عن الشمال ودرجة رجال الأعمال. دافع جون كالهون، بعينيه الحادة وفكره الحاد، عن الجنوب والعبودية. معًا، أخذ هؤلاء الرجال البلاد إلى الحرب، وقاتلوا بعضهم البعض من أجل الرئاسة، وشرعوا في إكمال العمل غير المكتمل للآباء المؤسسين. لقد كافحوا مع عيبين صارخين في الدستور: رفضها تحديد أين تكمن السلطة في النهاية، إما مع الدول أو مع الأمة، وعدم رغبتها في معالجة عدم التوافق الأساسي بين الجمهورية والعبودية. لمدة أربعة عقود، جادل هؤلاء الرجال بمرارة وتوصلوا إلى حلول وسط سياسية أبقت الاتحاد معًا، ولكن بشكل عادل فقط. عندما تحركت كاليفورنيا للانضمام إلى الاتحاد كدولة حرة، كانت لديهم فرصة أخيرة لإنقاذ البلاد من الخطر الحقيقي للحرب الأهلية.

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