BOOKS - Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?
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Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?
Author: David Fromkin
Year: January 1, 2004
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 2.5 MB
Language: English



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Europe's Last Summer Who Started the Great War in 1914 Europe's Last Summer, written by David Fromkin, offers a unique perspective on the causes of World War I, challenging the traditional view that the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the sole cause of the conflict. Instead, Fromkin argues that the war was deliberately provoked by German generals who saw it as inevitable and manipulated events to their advantage. This book provides a compelling narrative of the run-up to the war, exploring the complex diplomatic negotiations and the actions of individuals amidst larger historical forces. The book begins with a vivid description of the beautiful summer of 1914, which was enjoyed by the European population before the outbreak of war. Fromkin then delves into the historical debates surrounding the causes of the war, citing various factors such as imperialism, nationalism, and militarism. He argues that these factors were not the only causes, but rather they were used as pretexts for the inevitable conflict. The author contends that the war was precipitated by German generals who believed it was unavoidable and manipulated events to their advantage.
Europe's t Summer Who Started the Great War in 1914 Europe's t Summer, написанная Дэвидом Фромкиным, предлагает уникальный взгляд на причины Первой мировой войны, бросая вызов традиционному мнению, что убийство эрцгерцога Франца Фердинанда было единственной причиной конфликта. Вместо этого Фромкин утверждает, что война была намеренно спровоцирована немецкими генералами, которые видели в ней неизбежность и манипулировали событиями в свою пользу. Эта книга представляет собой убедительное повествование о преддверии войны, исследуя сложные дипломатические переговоры и действия отдельных лиц среди более крупных исторических сил. Книга начинается с яркого описания прекрасного лета 1914 года, которым пользовалось европейское население до начала войны. Затем Фромкин углубляется в исторические дебаты вокруг причин войны, ссылаясь на различные факторы, такие как империализм, национализм и милитаризм. Он утверждает, что эти факторы были не единственными причинами, а скорее использовались в качестве предлогов для неизбежного конфликта. Автор утверждает, что война была спровоцирована немецкими генералами, которые считали, что это было неизбежно, и манипулировали событиями в своих интересах.
Europe's t Summer Who Started the Great War in 1914 Europe's t Summer, écrit par David Fromkin, offre un regard unique sur les causes de la Première Guerre mondiale, défiant l'opinion traditionnelle que l'assassinat de l'archiduc Franz Ferdinand était la seule cause du conflit. Au lieu de cela, Fromkin affirme que la guerre a été intentionnellement provoquée par les généraux allemands, qui y ont vu l'inévitabilité et manipulé les événements en leur faveur. Ce livre est un récit convaincant de l'avant-guerre, explorant les négociations diplomatiques complexes et les actions des individus parmi les grandes forces historiques. livre commence par une description frappante du bel été de 1914, utilisé par la population européenne avant la guerre. Fromkin approfondit ensuite le débat historique autour des causes de la guerre en invoquant divers facteurs tels que l'impérialisme, le nationalisme et le militarisme. Il affirme que ces facteurs ne sont pas les seules causes, mais qu'ils servent plutôt de prétexte à un conflit imminent. L'auteur affirme que la guerre a été déclenchée par des généraux allemands qui pensaient qu'elle était inévitable et manipulaient les événements à leur avantage.
Europe's t Summer Who Started the Great War in 1914 Europe's t Summer, escrito por David Fromkin, ofrece una visión única de las causas de la Primera Guerra Mundial, desafiando la creencia tradicional de que el asesinato del archiduque Franz Ferdinand fue la única causa del conflicto. En cambio, Fromkin sostiene que la guerra fue provocada deliberadamente por los generales alemanes, que vieron en ella una inevitabilidad y manipularon los acontecimientos a su favor. Este libro es una narrativa convincente sobre el período previo a la guerra, explorando las complejas negociaciones diplomáticas y las acciones de los individuos entre las fuerzas históricas más grandes. libro comienza con una vívida descripción del hermoso verano de 1914 que disfrutó la población europea antes del estallido de la guerra. A continuación, Fromkin profundiza en el debate histórico en torno a las causas de la guerra, citando diversos factores como el imperialismo, el nacionalismo y el militarismo. Sostiene que estos factores no fueron las únicas causas, sino que se utilizaron como pretextos para un conflicto inevitable. autor sostiene que la guerra fue provocada por los generales alemanes, que creían que era inevitable, y manipularon los acontecimientos en beneficio propio.
O Europe's t Summer Who Started the Great War in 1914 Europe's t Summer, escrito por David Fromkin, oferece uma visão única das causas da Primeira Guerra Mundial, desafiando a crença tradicional de que o assassinato do arquiduque Franz Ferdinand foi a única causa do conflito. Em vez disso, Fromkin afirma que a guerra foi deliberadamente provocada por generais alemães que a viam como inevitável e manipularam os acontecimentos a seu favor. Este livro é uma narrativa convincente sobre a pré-guerra, explorando as complexas negociações diplomáticas e as ações dos indivíduos entre as maiores forças históricas. O livro começa com uma descrição brilhante do belo verão de 1914, que a população europeia usava antes da guerra. Depois Fromkin se aprofundou no debate histórico sobre as causas da guerra, citando vários fatores, como o imperialismo, o nacionalismo e o militarismo. Ele afirma que estes fatores não eram as únicas razões, mas eram mais usados como pretextos para um conflito inevitável. O autor afirma que a guerra foi desencadeada por generais alemães, que acreditavam que era inevitável, e manipularam os acontecimentos em benefício próprio.
Europe's t Summer Who Started the Great War in 1914 Europ's t Summer, scritto da David Fromkin, offre una visione unica delle cause della Prima Guerra Mondiale, sfidando l'idea tradizionale che l'uccisione dell'Arciduca Franz Ferdinand sia stata l'unica causa del conflitto. Fromkin sostiene invece che la guerra sia stata volutamente provocata dai generali tedeschi, che la vedevano come inevitabile e manipolavano gli eventi a loro favore. Questo libro è una narrazione convincente dell'inizio della guerra, esplorando le complesse trattative diplomatiche e le azioni individuali tra le maggiori forze storiche. Il libro inizia con una brillante descrizione della splendida estate del 1914, utilizzata dalla popolazione europea prima della guerra. Poi Fromkin approfondisce il dibattito storico sulle cause della guerra, citando diversi fattori come l'imperialismo, il nazionalismo e il militarismo. Egli sostiene che questi fattori non erano gli unici motivi, ma piuttosto usati come pretesti per un conflitto inevitabile. L'autore sostiene che la guerra è stata scatenata da generali tedeschi che pensavano fosse inevitabile e manipolavano gli eventi a loro vantaggio.
s letzter Sommer Wer den großen Krieg in 1914 begann s letzter Sommer, geschrieben von David Fromkin, bietet einen einzigartigen Einblick in die Ursachen des Ersten Weltkriegs und stellt die traditionelle Ansicht in Frage, dass die Ermordung von Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand die einzige Ursache des Konflikts war. Stattdessen behauptet Fromkin, dass der Krieg absichtlich von deutschen Generälen provoziert wurde, die ihn als unvermeidlich ansahen und die Ereignisse zu ihren Gunsten manipulierten. Dieses Buch ist eine überzeugende Erzählung über die Kriegsvorbereitungen und untersucht die komplexen diplomatischen Verhandlungen und Handlungen Einzelner unter den größeren historischen Kräften. Das Buch beginnt mit einer anschaulichen Beschreibung des schönen Sommers 1914, den die europäische Bevölkerung vor Kriegsbeginn genoss. Fromkin taucht dann in die historische Debatte über die Ursachen des Krieges ein und bezieht sich auf verschiedene Faktoren wie Imperialismus, Nationalismus und Militarismus. Er argumentiert, dass diese Faktoren nicht die einzigen Ursachen waren, sondern als Vorwände für den unvermeidlichen Konflikt verwendet wurden. Der Autor behauptet, der Krieg sei von deutschen Generälen angezettelt worden, die ihn für unvermeidlich hielten und die Ereignisse zu ihrem Vorteil manipulierten.
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1914'te Büyük Savaşı Başlatan Avrupa'nın Yaz'ı David Fromkin tarafından yazılan Avrupa'nın Yaz'ı, I. Dünya Savaşı'nın nedenlerine benzersiz bir bakış açısı sunarak, Arşidük Franz Ferdinand'ın suikastının çatışmanın tek nedeni olduğu yönündeki geleneksel görüşe meydan okuyor. Bunun yerine Fromkin, savaşın Alman generalleri tarafından kasıtlı olarak kışkırtıldığını, bunun kaçınılmaz olduğunu ve olayları kendi çıkarları için manipüle ettiğini savunuyor. Bu kitap, daha büyük tarihsel güçler arasındaki bireylerin karmaşık diplomatik müzakerelerini ve eylemlerini araştıran, savaşa giden yolun zorlayıcı bir açıklamasıdır. Kitap, savaşın patlak vermesinden önce Avrupa nüfusu tarafından beğenilen güzel 1914 yazının canlı bir açıklamasıyla başlıyor. Fromkin daha sonra emperyalizm, milliyetçilik ve militarizm gibi çeşitli faktörlere atıfta bulunarak savaşın nedenleri etrafındaki tarihsel tartışmaya girer. Bu faktörlerin tek neden olmadığını, bunun yerine kaçınılmaz çatışma için bahaneler olarak kullanıldığını savunuyor. Yazar, savaşın kaçınılmaz olduğuna inanan ve olayları kendi yararlarına manipüle eden Alman generalleri tarafından başlatıldığını savunuyor.
صيف أوروبا الأخير الذي بدأ الحرب العظمى في عام 1914، يقدم صيف أوروبا الماضي، الذي كتبه ديفيد فرومكين، منظورًا فريدًا لأسباب الحرب العالمية الأولى، متحديًا الرأي التقليدي القائل بأن اغتيال الأرشيدوق فرانز فرديناند كان السبب الوحيد للصراع. بدلاً من ذلك، يجادل فرومكين بأن الحرب تم التحريض عليها عمداً من قبل الجنرالات الألمان، الذين رأوا أنها أحداث لا مفر منها وتلاعبوا بها لصالحهم. هذا الكتاب هو سرد مقنع لما قبل الحرب، يستكشف المفاوضات الدبلوماسية المعقدة وأفعال الأفراد بين القوى التاريخية الأكبر. يبدأ الكتاب بوصف حي لصيف عام 1914 الجميل، والذي تمتع به السكان الأوروبيون قبل اندلاع الحرب. ثم يتعمق فرومكين في الجدل التاريخي حول أسباب الحرب، مستشهداً بعوامل مختلفة مثل الإمبريالية والقومية والعسكرية. ويقول إن هذه العوامل لم تكن الأسباب الوحيدة، بل استخدمت كذرائع لصراع لا مفر منه. ويجادل المؤلف بأن الحرب كانت بتحريض من الجنرالات الألمان الذين اعتقدوا أنها كانت حتمية وتلاعبوا بالأحداث لصالحهم.

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