BOOKS - Class struggle in the first French republic: bourgeois and bras nus 1793-1795
Class struggle in the first French republic: bourgeois and bras nus 1793-1795 - Daniel Guerin January 1, 1946 PDF  BOOKS
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Class struggle in the first French republic: bourgeois and bras nus 1793-1795
Author: Daniel Guerin
Year: January 1, 1946
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 6.3 MB
Language: English



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The plot of the book "Class Struggle in the First French Republic: Bourgeois and Bras Nus, 1793-1795" by Jean-Pierre Garnier is set during one of the most tumultuous periods in French history - the early years of the French Revolution. The book focuses on the struggle between the working class (les sans-culottes) and the bourgeoisie, who were fighting for an equal and just society, and how this conflict ultimately led to the downfall of the revolution. The story begins in 1793, when the sans-culottes, who were the common people of Paris, began to organize and demand more representation in government. They saw the revolution as an opportunity to break free from the shackles of feudalism and create a truly egalitarian society. However, the bourgeoisie, who had long held power and wealth, were not willing to give up their privileged positions without a fight. As the conflict escalated, the sans-culottes became more radicalized, calling for the execution of all those they deemed to be enemies of the revolution, including King Louis XVI and his family. This led to a period of violence and terror, with many innocent lives lost on both sides. Despite their best efforts, the sans-culottes were unable to achieve their goals, and the bourgeoisie eventually regained control of the government. In 1794, the Reign of Terror reached its peak, with thousands of people being executed for perceived counter-revolutionary activities. The sans-culottes were blamed for the violence and chaos, and their movement was ultimately crushed by the bourgeoisie.
Сюжет книги «Классовая борьба в Первой Французской Республике: Буржуа и Брас Нус, 1793-1795» Жан-Пьера Гарнье разворачивается в один из самых бурных периодов французской истории - первые годы Французской революции. В центре внимания книги - борьба между рабочим классом (les sans-culottes) и буржуазией, боровшейся за равноправное и справедливое общество, и то, как этот конфликт в итоге привел к падению революции. История начинается в 1793 году, когда санкюлоты, бывшие простым народом Парижа, стали организовываться и требовать большего представительства в правительстве. Они рассматривали революцию как возможность вырваться из оков феодализма и создать по-настоящему эгалитарное общество. Однако буржуазия, долгое время державшая власть и богатство, не была готова уступить свои привилегированные позиции без боя. По мере эскалации конфликта санкюлоты становились более радикализированными, призывая казнить всех тех, кого они считали врагами революции, включая короля Людовика XVI и его семью. Это привело к периоду насилия и террора, когда с обеих сторон погибло много невинных людей. Несмотря на все усилия, санкюлоты не смогли достичь своих целей, и буржуазия в конце концов восстановила контроль над правительством. В 1794 году Правление террора достигло своего пика, тысячи людей были казнены за предполагаемую контрреволюционную деятельность. Санкюлоты были обвинены в насилии и хаосе, и их движение в конечном итоге было подавлено буржуазией.
Histoire du livre « La lutte des classes dans la Première République française : Bourgeois et Bras Nus, 1793-1795 » de Jean-Pierre Garnier se déroule dans l'une des périodes les plus tumultueuses de l'histoire française - les premières années de la Révolution française. L'accent est mis sur la lutte entre la classe ouvrière (les sans-culottes) et la bourgeoisie qui se bat pour une société juste et équitable, et la façon dont ce conflit a finalement conduit à la chute de la révolution. L'histoire commence en 1793, lorsque les sanctuaires, qui étaient le peuple de Paris, ont commencé à s'organiser et à exiger une plus grande représentation au sein du gouvernement. Ils considéraient la révolution comme une occasion de sortir des liens du féodalisme et de créer une société vraiment égalitaire. Cependant, la bourgeoisie, qui a longtemps tenu le pouvoir et la richesse, n'était pas prête à céder ses positions privilégiées sans se battre. À mesure que le conflit s'intensifiait, les sanctuaires se radicalisaient, appelant à l'exécution de tous ceux qu'ils considéraient comme ennemis de la révolution, y compris le roi Louis XVI et sa famille. Cela a conduit à une période de violence et de terreur, avec de nombreux innocents tués des deux côtés. Malgré tous les efforts, les sanctuaires n'ont pas réussi à atteindre leurs objectifs, et la bourgeoisie a finalement repris le contrôle du gouvernement. En 1794, le règne de la terreur a atteint son apogée, des milliers de personnes ont été exécutées pour de prétendues activités contre-révolutionnaires. s Sanculots furent accusés de violence et de chaos et leur mouvement fut finalement réprimé par la bourgeoisie.
La trama del libro «La lucha de clases en la Primera República Francesa: Bourgeois y Bras Nus, 1793-1795» de Jean-Pierre Garnier se desarrolla en uno de los períodos más turbulentos de la historia francesa - los primeros de la Revolución Francesa. libro se centra en la lucha entre la clase obrera (les sans-culottes) y la burguesía, que luchaba por una sociedad equitativa y justa, y la forma en que este conflicto finalmente condujo a la caída de la revolución. La historia comienza en 1793, cuando los Sankulotes, que antes eran el pueblo llano de París, comenzaron a organizarse y a exigir una mayor representación en el gobierno. Veían la revolución como una oportunidad para escapar de los grilletes del feudalismo y crear una sociedad verdaderamente igualitaria. n embargo, la burguesía, que había ostentado el poder y la riqueza durante mucho tiempo, no estaba dispuesta a ceder sus posiciones privilegiadas sin luchar. A medida que el conflicto se intensificaba, los Sanküllots se radicalizaron más, pidiendo la ejecución de todos aquellos que consideraban enemigos de la revolución, incluido el rey Luis XVI y su familia. Esto dio lugar a un período de violencia y terror en el que murieron muchas personas inocentes de ambos bandos. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos, los Sanküllots no lograron sus objetivos, y la burguesía finalmente recuperó el control del gobierno. En 1794, el Reinado del Terror alcanzó su apogeo, con miles de personas ejecutadas por supuestas actividades contrarrevolucionarias. Sankülots fueron acusados de violencia y caos, y su movimiento fue finalmente aplastado por la burguesía.
A história do livro «A luta de classes na Primeira República Francesa: Bourjois e Brace Nus, 1793-1795», de Jean-Pierre Garnier, se desenrola em um dos períodos mais turbulentos da história francesa, os primeiros anos da Revolução Francesa. O foco do livro é a luta entre a classe trabalhadora (les são-culotes) e a burguesia, que lutou por uma sociedade igualitária e justa, e como este conflito acabou por derrubar a revolução. A história começa em 1793, quando as sancelotas, o povo comum de Paris, começaram a se organizar e a exigir mais representatividade no governo. Eles consideraram a revolução como uma oportunidade de escapar das janelas do feudalismo e criar uma sociedade verdadeiramente igualitária. No entanto, a burguesia, que durante muito tempo manteve o poder e a riqueza, não estava disposta a ceder suas posições privilegiadas sem lutar. Com a escalada do conflito, as sanções tornaram-se mais radicalizadas, pedindo a execução de todos aqueles que consideravam inimigos da revolução, incluindo o Rei Luís XVI e sua família. Isso levou a um período de violência e terror, em que muitos inocentes morreram dos dois lados. Apesar de todos os esforços, as sanções falharam em alcançar seus objetivos, e a burguesia finalmente retomou o controle do governo. Em 1794, o Reinado do Terror atingiu seu pico e milhares de pessoas foram executadas por supostas atividades contra-revolucionárias. As sanções foram acusadas de violência e caos, e o seu movimento acabou sendo reprimido pela burguesia.
La trama del libro «La lotta di classe nella Prima Repubblica Francese: Bourgiois e Bras Nus, 1793-1795» di Jean-Pierre Garnier si svolge in uno dei periodi più turbolenti della storia francese, i primi anni della Rivoluzione francese. Al centro del libro c'è la lotta tra la classe operaia e la borghesia che combatteva per una società equa ed equa, e il modo in cui questo conflitto ha portato alla fine alla caduta della rivoluzione. La storia inizia nel 1793, quando le sanzioni, che erano il popolo comune di Parigi, cominciarono ad organizzarsi e a chiedere una maggiore rappresentanza nel governo. Vedevano la rivoluzione come un'opportunità per sfuggire al feudalismo e creare una società davvero egualitaria. Ma la borghesia, che per lungo tempo ha mantenuto il potere e la ricchezza, non è stata disposta a cedere le sue posizioni privilegiate senza combattere. Con l'escalation del conflitto, le sanzioni divennero più radicalizzate, chiedendo di giustiziare tutti coloro che consideravano nemici della rivoluzione, compreso re Luigi XVI e la sua famiglia. Questo ha portato a un periodo di violenza e terrore in cui sono morte molte persone innocenti da entrambe le parti. Nonostante tutti gli sforzi, le sanzioni non riuscirono a raggiungere i loro obiettivi e la borghesia alla fine riconquistò il controllo del governo. Nel 1794 il regno del terrore raggiunse il suo apice e migliaia di persone furono giustiziate per presunte attività controrivoluzionarie. I Sankulot furono accusati di violenza e caos, e il loro movimento finì per essere sopraffatto dalla borghesia.
Die Handlung des Buches „Der Klassenkampf in der Ersten Französischen Republik: Bourgeois und Bras Nous, 1793-1795“ von Jean-Pierre Garnier spielt in einer der turbulentesten Perioden der französischen Geschichte - den ersten Jahren der Französischen Revolution. Im Mittelpunkt des Buches steht der Kampf zwischen der Arbeiterklasse (les sans-culottes) und der Bourgeoisie, die für eine gerechte und gerechte Gesellschaft kämpfte, und wie dieser Konflikt schließlich zum Sturz der Revolution führte. Die Geschichte beginnt 1793, als sich die Sankulotten, die das einfache Volk von Paris waren, zu organisieren begannen und eine stärkere Vertretung in der Regierung forderten. e sahen in der Revolution eine Chance, aus den Fesseln des Feudalismus auszubrechen und eine wahrhaft egalitäre Gesellschaft zu schaffen. Die Bourgeoisie, die lange Zeit Macht und Reichtum besaß, war jedoch nicht bereit, ihre privilegierten Positionen kampflos aufzugeben. Als der Konflikt eskalierte, radikalisierten sich die Sankulotten und forderten die Hinrichtung aller, die sie als Feinde der Revolution betrachteten, einschließlich König Ludwig XVI. Und seiner Familie. Dies führte zu einer Zeit der Gewalt und des Terrors, in der viele unschuldige Menschen auf beiden Seiten starben. Trotz aller Bemühungen konnten die Sankulotten ihre Ziele nicht erreichen, und die Bourgeoisie gewann schließlich die Kontrolle über die Regierung zurück. 1794 erreichte die Schreckensherrschaft ihren Höhepunkt, Tausende Menschen wurden wegen angeblicher konterrevolutionärer Aktivitäten hingerichtet. Den Sankulotten wurden Gewalt und Chaos vorgeworfen, und ihre Bewegung wurde schließlich von der Bourgeoisie unterdrückt.
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Jean-Pierre Garnier'in "Birinci Fransız Cumhuriyetinde Sınıf Mücadelesi: Burjuva ve Bras Nous, 1793-1795" kitabının konusu, Fransız Devriminin ilk yılları olan Fransız tarihinin en çalkantılı dönemlerinden birinde ortaya çıkıyor. Kitap, eşit ve adil bir toplum için mücadele eden işçi sınıfı (les sans-culottes) ile burjuvazi arasındaki mücadeleye ve bu çatışmanın nihayetinde devrimin çöküşüne nasıl yol açtığına odaklanıyor. Hikaye, Paris'in ortak halkı olan sans-culottes'in örgütlenmeye ve hükümette daha fazla temsil talep etmeye başladığı 1793'te başlıyor. Devrimi, feodalizmin prangalarından kurtulmak ve gerçekten eşitlikçi bir toplum yaratmak için bir fırsat olarak gördüler. Bununla birlikte, uzun süredir iktidarı ve zenginliği elinde tutan burjuvazi, ayrıcalıklı konumlarını savaşmadan bırakmaya hazır değildi. Çatışma arttıkça, sans-culottes daha radikalleşti ve Kral Louis XVI ve ailesi de dahil olmak üzere devrimin düşmanı olarak gördükleri herkesin idam edilmesini istedi. Bu, her iki tarafta da birçok masum insanın öldüğü şiddet ve terör dönemine yol açtı. Tüm çabalara rağmen, sans-culottes hedeflerine ulaşamadı ve burjuvazi sonunda hükümetin kontrolünü yeniden ele geçirdi. 1794'te Terör Saltanatı zirveye ulaştı ve binlerce kişi karşı-devrimci faaliyetler iddiasıyla idam edildi. Sankulotlar şiddet ve kaos için suçlandı ve hareketleri sonunda burjuvazi tarafından bastırıldı.
تتكشف حبكة كتاب «النضال الطبقي في الجمهورية الفرنسية الأولى: بورجوا وبراس نوس، 1793-1795» لجان بيير غارنييه في واحدة من أكثر فترات التاريخ الفرنسي اضطرابًا - السنوات الأولى من الثورة الفرنسية. يركز الكتاب على الصراع بين الطبقة العاملة (les sans-culottes) والبرجوازية، التي ناضلت من أجل مجتمع متساوٍ وعادل، وكيف أدى هذا الصراع في النهاية إلى سقوط الثورة. تبدأ القصة في عام 1793، عندما بدأ sans-culottes، الذين كانوا عامة الناس في باريس، في التنظيم والمطالبة بتمثيل أكبر في الحكومة. لقد رأوا في الثورة فرصة للتحرر من قيود الإقطاع وخلق مجتمع متساوٍ حقًا. ومع ذلك، فإن البرجوازية، التي كانت تمتلك السلطة والثروة منذ فترة طويلة، لم تكن مستعدة للتنازل عن مناصبها المتميزة دون قتال. مع تصاعد الصراع، أصبح sans-culottes أكثر تطرفًا، داعين إلى إعدام كل من اعتبروهم أعداء للثورة، بما في ذلك الملك لويس السادس عشر وعائلته. وأدى ذلك إلى فترة من العنف والإرهاب قتل فيها العديد من الأبرياء من الجانبين. على الرغم من كل الجهود، فشل sans-culottes في تحقيق أهدافهم، واستعادت البرجوازية في النهاية السيطرة على الحكومة. في عام 1794، وصل عهد الإرهاب إلى ذروته، حيث أعدم الآلاف بسبب أنشطة مضادة للثورة. تم إلقاء اللوم على السانكولوت في أعمال العنف والفوضى، وتم قمع حركتهم في النهاية من قبل البرجوازية.

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