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A Common Justice: The Legal Allegiances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam (Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion) - Uriel I. Simonsohn August 26, 2011 PDF  BOOKS
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A Common Justice: The Legal Allegiances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam (Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion)
Author: Uriel I. Simonsohn
Year: August 26, 2011
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 1.3 MB
Language: English



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A Common Justice: The Legal Allegiances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, Uriel I. Simonsohn offers a groundbreaking study of the legislative response of Christian and Jewish religious elites to the problem posed by their coreligionists' appeals to judicial authorities outside their communities during the late seventh to early eleventh centuries in the region spanning from Iraq in the east to present-day Tunisia in the west. Through this examination of the multiplicity of judicial systems that coexisted under early Islam, Simonsohn reveals a complex array of social obligations that connected individuals across confessional boundaries, fundamentally altering our understanding of the social history of the Near East during this period. Simonsohn challenges the prevailing scholarly notion of a rigidly demarcated social setting strictly divided along confessional lines, instead exposing a significant degree of fluidity across communal boundaries. This fluidity was threatened by the tendency of some members of these communities to seek legal recourse outside their own religious institutions, potentially undermining the position of traditional religious elites. In response, these elites acted vigorously to reinforce communal boundaries, censuring those who resorted to external judicial institutions and even threatening them with excommunication.
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, Уриэль И. Симонсон предлагает новаторское исследование законодательного ответа христианских и еврейских религиозных элит на проблему, возникшую из-за обращений их корелигионистов к судебным властям за пределами их общин в конце седьмого-начале одиннадцатого веков в регионе, простирающемся от Ирака на востоке до современного Туниса на западе. Посредством этого изучения множественности судебных систем, которые сосуществовали при раннем исламе, Симонсон раскрывает сложный набор социальных обязательств, которые связывают людей через конфессиональные границы, коренным образом изменив наше понимание социальной истории Ближнего Востока в этот период. Симонсон бросает вызов преобладающему научному представлению о жестко разграниченной социальной обстановке, строго разделенной по конфессиональному признаку, вместо этого демонстрируя значительную степень текучести через общинные границы. Эта текучесть находилась под угрозой из-за тенденции некоторых членов этих общин искать законные средства правовой защиты вне своих собственных религиозных институтов, потенциально подрывая позиции традиционных религиозных элит. В ответ эти элиты энергично действовали, укрепляя общинные границы, порицая тех, кто прибегал к внешним судебным институтам и даже угрожая им отлучением от церкви.
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, Uriel I. monson propose une étude novatrice de la réponse législative des élites religieuses chrétiennes et juives au problème, née des appels de leurs coreligionnaires aux autorités judiciaires en dehors de leurs communautés à la fin du septième ou au début du onzième siècle dans la région, s'étendant de l'Irak à l'est à la Tunisie moderne à l'ouest. Par cette étude de la pluralité des systèmes judiciaires qui ont coexisté sous l'Islam précoce, monson révèle un ensemble complexe d'obligations sociales qui relient les gens au-delà des frontières confessionnelles, changeant fondamentalement notre compréhension de l'histoire sociale du Moyen-Orient à cette époque. monson récuse l'idée scientifique dominante d'un environnement social fortement délimité, strictement divisé selon des critères confessionnels, démontrant plutôt une grande fluidité au-delà des frontières communautaires. Cette fluidité a été menacée par la tendance de certains membres de ces communautés à chercher des remèdes légitimes en dehors de leurs propres institutions religieuses, ce qui pourrait saper la position des élites religieuses traditionnelles. En réponse, ces élites ont agi énergiquement en renforçant les frontières communautaires, en réprouvant ceux qui avaient recours à des institutions judiciaires extérieures et même en les menaçant d'excommunier.
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, Uriel I. monson propone un estudio pionero de la respuesta legislativa de las élites religiosas cristianas y judías al problema, surgida de las apelaciones de sus coreligionistas a las autoridades judiciales fuera de sus comunidades a finales del siglo VII y principios del siglo XI en la región, que se extiende desde Irak en el este hasta la actual Túnez en el oeste. A través de este estudio de la multiplicidad de sistemas judiciales que coexistieron bajo el islam primitivo, monson revela un complejo conjunto de compromisos sociales que conectan a las personas a través de las fronteras confesionales, cambiando radicalmente nuestra comprensión de la historia social de Oriente Medio durante este período. monson desafía la concepción científica predominante de un entorno social rígidamente delimitado, estrictamente dividido por un rasgo confesional, mostrando en cambio un grado significativo de fluidez a través de las fronteras comunitarias. Esta fluidez se vio amenazada por la tendencia de algunos miembros de estas comunidades a buscar remedios legales fuera de sus propias instituciones religiosas, potencialmente socavando las posiciones de las élites religiosas tradicionales. En respuesta, estas élites actuaron vigorosamente, fortaleciendo las fronteras comunitarias, censurando a quienes recurrían a instituciones judiciales externas e incluso amenazándoles con la excomunión.
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, Uriel E. monson propõe uma pesquisa inovadora sobre a resposta legislativa das elites religiosas cristãs e judaicas ao problema, surgida dos pedidos dos seus coreligistas a autoridades judiciais fora de suas comunidades no final do século sétimo e início do século onze na região, estendendo-se do Iraque, no leste, até à Tunísia moderna, no oeste. Através deste estudo da multiplicidade de sistemas judiciais que coexistiram no Islã inicial, monsohn revela um conjunto complexo de compromissos sociais que unem as pessoas através das fronteiras confessionais, mudando radicalmente nossa compreensão da história social do Oriente Médio neste período. monson desafia a visão científica predominante de um ambiente social rigorosamente delimitado, fortemente dividido em termos confessionais, ao invés de demonstrar um grau significativo de fluência através das fronteiras comunitárias. Essa rotatividade tem sido ameaçada pela tendência de alguns membros dessas comunidades de buscar recursos legais fora de suas próprias instituições religiosas, potencialmente minando a posição das elites religiosas tradicionais. Como resposta, essas elites agiram vigorosamente, fortalecendo os limites comunitários, repreendendo aqueles que recorreram às instituições judiciais externas e mesmo ameaçando-as com excomunhão.
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, Uriel I. monson offre una ricerca innovativa sulla risposta legislativa delle élite religiose cristiane ed ebraiche al problema, derivante dalle richieste dei loro corolegisti alle autorità giudiziarie al di fuori delle loro comunità alla fine del settimo e inizio dell'undicesimo secolo nella regione, che si estende dall'Iraq a est alla moderna Tunisia a ovest. Attraverso questo studio della pluralità dei sistemi giudiziari che coesistevano con l'Islam precoce, monson rivela una serie complessa di impegni sociali che legano le persone attraverso i confini confessionali, cambiando radicalmente la nostra comprensione della storia sociale del Medio Oriente in questo periodo. monson sfida la visione scientifica prevalente di un ambiente sociale rigidamente delimitato, strettamente diviso in termini confessionali, dimostrando invece un notevole grado di fluidità attraverso i confini comunitari. Questa fluidità è stata minacciata dalla tendenza di alcuni membri di queste comunità a cercare rimedi legali al di fuori delle proprie istituzioni religiose, potenzialmente compromettendo le posizioni delle élite religiose tradizionali. In risposta, queste élite hanno agito con forza, rafforzando i confini comunitari, denigrando coloro che hanno fatto ricorso alle istituzioni giudiziarie esterne e minacciandoli persino di allontanarsi dalla Chiesa.
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, Uriel I. monson schlägt eine bahnbrechende Studie über die legislative Antwort christlicher und jüdischer religiöser Eliten auf das Problem vor, entstanden aus den Appellen ihrer Coreligionisten an die Justizbehörden außerhalb ihrer Gemeinden im späten siebten und frühen elften Jahrhundert in der Region, erstreckt sich vom Irak im Osten bis zum heutigen Tunesien im Westen. Durch diese Untersuchung der Vielfalt der Justizsysteme, die unter dem frühen Islam koexistierten, enthüllt monson die komplexen sozialen Verpflichtungen, die Menschen über konfessionelle Grenzen hinweg verbinden und unser Verständnis der Sozialgeschichte des Nahen Ostens in dieser Zeit grundlegend verändern. monson fordert die vorherrschende wissenschaftliche Vorstellung von einem eng abgegrenzten sozialen Umfeld heraus, das streng nach konfessionellen Merkmalen getrennt ist, und zeigt stattdessen ein erhebliches Maß an Fluidität über Gemeinschaftsgrenzen hinweg. Diese Fluidität wurde durch die Tendenz einiger Mitglieder dieser Gemeinschaften bedroht, außerhalb ihrer eigenen religiösen Institutionen nach rechtlichen Rechtsmitteln zu suchen, was möglicherweise die Position traditioneller religiöser Eliten untergräbt. Als Reaktion darauf handelten diese Eliten energisch, stärkten die Gemeinschaftsgrenzen, tadelten diejenigen, die zu externen Justizinstitutionen griffen, und drohten ihnen sogar mit Exkommunikation.
A Common Justice: The gal Alleances of Christies and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, סימונסון מציע מחקר פורץ דרך על תגובת החקיקה של האליטות הדתיות הנוצריות והיהודיות לבעיה, בעקבות פניות הקורלגניסטים שלהם לרשויות המשפט מחוץ לקהילות שלהם בסוף המאה השביעית ותחילת המאה האחת עשרה באזור, משתרע מעיראק במזרח ועד תוניסיה של ימינו במערב. סימונסון חושף קבוצה מורכבת של מחויבויות חברתיות שקושרות אנשים מעבר לגבולות הודאה, שינוי מהותי בהבנתנו את ההיסטוריה החברתית של המזרח התיכון בתקופה זו. סימונסון מאתגר את הרעיון המדעי השכיח של הגדרה חברתית קפדנית מחולקת בקפדנות בקווי וידוי, ובמקום זאת מציגה מידה משמעותית של זרימה על פני גבולות קהילתיים. נזילות זו הייתה מאוימת בשל נטייתם של חלק מחברי קהילות אלה לבקש תרופות משפטיות מחוץ למוסדות הדת שלהם, מה שעלול לערער את מעמדן של האליטות הדתיות המסורתיות. בתגובה פעלו האליטות נמרצות לחיזוק הגבולות המשותפים, גינו את מי שפנו למוסדות שיפוטיים חיצוניים ואף איימו עליהם בנידוי.''
Ortak Bir Adalet: Ortak Bir Adalette Erken İslam Döneminde Hıristiyan ve Yahudilerin Yasal Bağlılıkları Uriel I. monson, Hıristiyan ve Yahudi dini seçkinlerin soruna yasal tepkileri üzerine çığır açan bir çalışma sunuyor. Koreligionistlerin bölgedeki yedinci yüzyılın sonlarında ve on birinci yüzyılın başlarında topluluklarının dışındaki adli makamlara yaptıkları başvurulardan kaynaklanan, Doğuda Irak'tan batıda günümüz Tunus'una uzanan. Erken İslam'da bir arada bulunan yargı sistemlerinin çeşitliliği üzerine yapılan bu çalışma sayesinde, monson, insanları itiraf sınırları boyunca bağlayan karmaşık bir dizi sosyal yükümlülüğü ortaya koyuyor. Bu dönemde Ortadoğu'nun toplumsal tarihine ilişkin anlayışımızı temelden değiştirdi. monson, katı bir şekilde sınırlandırılmış bir sosyal ortamın, kesinlikle itiraf çizgileri boyunca bölünmüş, bunun yerine toplumsal sınırlar boyunca önemli derecede bir akışkanlık gösteren, geçerli bilimsel düşünceye meydan okuyor. Bu akışkanlık, bu toplulukların bazı üyelerinin kendi dini kurumlarının dışında yasal yollar arama eğilimi tarafından tehdit edildi ve potansiyel olarak geleneksel dini seçkinlerin konumlarını baltaladı. Buna karşılık, bu seçkinler, toplumsal sınırları güçlendirmek, dış yargı kurumlarına başvuranları sansürlemek ve hatta aforoz etmekle tehdit etmek için şiddetle hareket ettiler.
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Yews Under Early Imam In A Common Justice, يقدم أورييل سيمونسون دراسة رائدة للاستجابة التشريعية للنخب الدينية المسيحية واليهودية للمشكلة، الناشئة عن مناشدات أتباعها المتشاركين للسلطات القضائية خارج مجتمعاتهم المحلية في أواخر القرن السابع وأوائل القرن الحادي عشر في المنطقة، من العراق في الشرق إلى تونس الحالية في الغرب. من خلال هذه الدراسة لتعدد الأنظمة القضائية التي تعايشت في ظل الإسلام المبكر، يكشف سيمونسون عن مجموعة معقدة من الالتزامات الاجتماعية التي تربط الناس عبر الحدود الطائفية، تغيير جوهري في فهمنا للتاريخ الاجتماعي للشرق الأوسط خلال هذه الفترة. يتحدى سيمونسون المفهوم العلمي السائد لبيئة اجتماعية محددة بشكل صارم مقسمة بدقة على أسس طائفية، وبدلاً من ذلك أظهر درجة كبيرة من السيولة عبر الحدود المجتمعية. وقد تعرضت هذه السيولة للتهديد بسبب ميل بعض أفراد هذه الطوائف إلى التماس سبل انتصاف قانونية خارج مؤسساتهم الدينية، مما قد يقوض مواقف النخب الدينية التقليدية. رداً على ذلك، تصرفت هذه النخب بقوة لتعزيز الحدود المجتمعية، ووجهت اللوم إلى أولئك الذين لجأوا إلى المؤسسات القضائية الخارجية وحتى تهديدهم بالحرمان الكنسي.
공통 정의: 공동 정의에서 초기 이슬람 아래 기독교인과 유대인의 법적 우려, Uriel I. monson은이 문제에 대한 기독교와 유대인 종교 엘리트의 입법 대응에 대한 획기적인 연구를 제공합니다. 이 지역의 7 세기 후반과 11 세기 초에 지역 사회 외부의 사법 당국에 대한 그들의 종교 주의자들의 호소에서 비롯된 동쪽의 이라크에서 서쪽의 오늘날의 튀니지에 이르기까지. 초기 이슬람에서 공존했던 다수의 사법 체계에 대한이 연구를 통해 monson은 고백의 경계를 넘어 사람들을 묶는 복잡한 사회적 의무를 밝힙니다. 이 기간 동안 중동의 사회 역사에 대한 이해를 근본적으로 변화시킵니다. monson은 엄격하게 구분 된 사회 환경에 대한 일반적인 과학적 개념에 고백 선을 따라 엄격하게 나뉘어 공동 경계를 넘어 상당한 유동성을 나타냅니다. 이러한 유동성은이 공동체의 일부 구성원들이 자신의 종교 기관 밖에서 법적 구제책을 찾는 경향에 의해 위협을 받아 잠재적으로 전통적인 종교 엘리트의 입장을 훼손 할 수 있습니다. 이에 대응하여, 이 엘리트들은 외부 사법 기관에 의지 한 사람들을 비난하고 심지어 파문으로 위협하는 사람들을 비난하면서 공동 경계를 강화하기 위해
A Common Justice: The gal Allegances of Christians and Jews Under Early Islam In A Common Justice, 烏裏爾·西蒙森(Uriel I. monson)對基督教和猶太宗教精英對這個問題的立法反應進行了開創性的研究, 由於他們的共同聯系人在該區域七世紀末至十一世紀初向其社區以外的司法當局提出上訴, 從東部的伊拉克延伸到西部的現代突尼斯。通過對早期伊斯蘭教共存的多種司法系統的研究,西蒙森揭示了一系列復雜的社會義務,這些義務將人們束縛在宗派邊界之外,從根本上改變了我們對這一時期中東社會歷史的理解。西蒙森(monson)挑戰了普遍的科學觀念,即嚴格按照教派劃分的嚴格劃定的社會環境,而是表現出相當程度的跨社區流動性。由於這些社區的一些成員傾向於在自己的宗教機構之外尋求合法的補救措施,這種流動性受到威脅,有可能破壞傳統宗教精英的地位。作為回應,這些精英們采取了積極行動,加強了社區邊界,譴責那些訴諸外部司法機構的人,甚至威脅要驅逐他們。

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