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Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 - John McCallum April 1, 1980 PDF  BOOKS
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Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870
Author: John McCallum
Year: April 1, 1980
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 7.5 MB
Language: English



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Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 The book "Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870" by John McCallum offers a unique perspective on the economic history of Canada, focusing on the disparities between Quebec and Ontario during the pre-Confederation period. The author argues that the economic lead of Ontario over Quebec was not due to conservative attitudes or anti-industrial biases, but rather to the wealth generated by the province's superior agricultural land and specialization in wheat production. This advantage led to a significant difference in cash income for farmers in the two provinces, with Ontario farmers earning at least triple that of their Quebec counterparts. This disparity had profound effects on economic development in other sectors of the economy, such as town growth, transportation facilities, and industry. The book begins by highlighting the differences in agricultural practices between Quebec and Ontario, with Ontario farmers more specialized in wheat production and having access to virgin land, while Quebec farmers were limited by the lack of available land and proximity to the northeastern United States. As market conditions changed in the 1860s, Ontario was able to shift its focus to other industries, while Quebec struggled to find profitable alternatives to wheat production. This led to a widening gap in cash income between the two provinces, which had lasting impacts on their respective economic developments.
Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 Книга «Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870» Джона. Автор утверждает, что экономическое лидерство Онтарио над Квебеком было связано не с консервативными взглядами или антииндустриальными предубеждениями, а скорее с богатством, генерируемым превосходящими сельскохозяйственными землями провинции и специализацией на производстве пшеницы. Это преимущество привело к значительной разнице в денежных доходах фермеров в двух провинциях: фермеры Онтарио зарабатывали как минимум в три раза больше, чем их коллеги из Квебека. Это неравенство оказало глубокое влияние на экономическое развитие в других секторах экономики, таких как рост городов, транспортные средства и промышленность. Книга начинается с освещения различий в сельскохозяйственной практике между Квебеком и Онтарио, при этом фермеры Онтарио больше специализировались на производстве пшеницы и имели доступ к целине, в то время как квебекские фермеры были ограничены отсутствием доступных земель и близостью к северо-востоку США. Поскольку рыночные условия изменились в 1860-х годах, Онтарио смог сместить фокус на другие отрасли, в то время как Квебек изо всех сил пытался найти выгодные альтернативы производству пшеницы. Это привело к увеличению разрыва в денежных доходах между двумя провинциями, что оказало длительное влияние на их соответствующее экономическое развитие.
Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 Книга «Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870» Джона. L'auteur affirme que le leadership économique de l'Ontario sur le Québec n'était pas lié à des opinions conservatrices ou à des préjugés anti-industriels, mais plutôt à la richesse générée par les terres agricoles supérieures de la province et à la spécialisation dans la production de blé. Cet avantage a entraîné une différence importante dans les revenus monétaires des agriculteurs des deux provinces : les agriculteurs de l'Ontario gagnaient au moins trois fois plus que leurs homologues du Québec. Ces inégalités ont eu un impact profond sur le développement économique d'autres secteurs de l'économie, tels que la croissance urbaine, les véhicules et l'industrie. livre commence par mettre en lumière les différences de pratiques agricoles entre le Québec et l'Ontario, les agriculteurs de l'Ontario se spécialisant davantage dans la production de blé et ayant accès à la vigne, tandis que les agriculteurs du Québec étaient limités par le manque de terres disponibles et la proximité du nord-est des États-Unis. Comme les conditions du marché ont changé dans les années 1860, l'Ontario a réussi à se concentrer sur d'autres industries, tandis que le Québec a du mal à trouver des alternatives rentables à la production de blé. Cela a accru l'écart de revenus monétaires entre les deux provinces, ce qui a eu un impact durable sur leur développement économique respectif.
Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 Книга «Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870» Джона. autor sostiene que el liderazgo económico de Ontario sobre Quebec no se debió a actitudes conservadoras o prejuicios antiindustriales, sino más bien a la riqueza generada por las tierras agrícolas superiores de la provincia y la especialización en la producción de trigo. Esta ventaja dio lugar a grandes diferencias en los ingresos monetarios de los agricultores en las dos provincias: los agricultores de Ontario ganaban al menos tres veces más que sus homólogos de Quebec. Esta desigualdad ha tenido un profundo impacto en el desarrollo económico de otros sectores económicos, como el crecimiento urbano, los vehículos y la industria. libro comienza resaltando las diferencias en las prácticas agrícolas entre Quebec y Ontario, con los agricultores de Ontario más especializados en la producción de trigo y con acceso a la celina, mientras que los agricultores de Quebec estaban limitados por la falta de tierras disponibles y la proximidad al noreste de Estados Unidos. A medida que las condiciones del mercado cambiaron en la década de 1860, Ontario fue capaz de cambiar su enfoque hacia otras industrias, mientras Quebec luchaba por encontrar alternativas rentables a la producción de trigo. Esto se tradujo en una creciente brecha de ingresos monetarios entre las dos provincias, lo que tuvo un impacto duradero en su respectivo desarrollo económico.
Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 Книга «Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870» Джона. O autor afirma que a liderança econômica de Ontário sobre o Quebec não se deveu a opiniões conservadoras ou preconceitos anti-industriais, mas sim à riqueza gerada por terras agrícolas acima da província e à especialização na produção de trigo. Essa vantagem resultou em grandes diferenças entre os rendimentos dos agricultores em duas províncias: os agricultores de Ontário ganhavam pelo menos três vezes mais do que os seus colegas de Quebec. Essa desigualdade tem influenciado profundamente o desenvolvimento econômico em outros setores, como o crescimento urbano, os veículos e a indústria. O livro começa com as diferenças entre as práticas agrícolas de Quebec e Ontário, com os agricultores de Ontário mais especializados na produção de trigo e acesso à saúde, enquanto os agricultores de Quebec foram limitados pela falta de terras disponíveis e pela proximidade com o nordeste dos Estados Unidos. Como as condições de mercado mudaram na década de 1860, Ontário foi capaz de mudar o foco para outros setores, enquanto Quebec se esforçou para encontrar alternativas benéficas para a produção de trigo. Isso aumentou a disparidade entre as duas províncias, com efeitos duradouros sobre o seu desenvolvimento econômico apropriado.
Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 Книга «Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870» Джона. L'autore sostiene che la leadership economica dell'Ecuador sul Quebec non era legata a atteggiamenti conservatori o pregiudizi anti-industriali, ma piuttosto a ricchezze generate da terreni agricoli superiori alla provincia e specializzati nella produzione di grano. Questo vantaggio ha portato a notevoli differenze di reddito degli agricoltori in due province: gli agricoltori dell'Ecuador guadagnavano almeno il triplo dei loro colleghi del Quebec. Queste disuguaglianze hanno avuto un profondo impatto sullo sviluppo economico in altri settori, come la crescita urbana, i veicoli e l'industria. Il libro inizia mettendo in luce le differenze nella pratica agricola tra il Quebec e l'Ecuador, mentre gli agricoltori dell'Ecuador sono più specializzati nella produzione di grano e hanno accesso alla salute, mentre gli agricoltori del Quebec sono stati limitati dalla mancanza di terreni disponibili e dalla vicinanza al nord-est degli Stati Uniti. Poiché le condizioni di mercato sono cambiate nel 1860, l'Ecuador è riuscito a spostare il focus su altri settori, mentre il Quebec ha cercato di trovare alternative vantaggiose alla produzione di grano. Ciò ha portato ad un maggiore divario di reddito tra le due province, che ha avuto un impatto duraturo sul loro adeguato sviluppo economico.
Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 Книга «Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870» Джона. Der Autor argumentiert, dass Ontarios wirtschaftliche Führung über Quebec nicht auf konservative Ansichten oder antiindustrielle Vorurteile zurückzuführen war, sondern auf den Reichtum, der durch die überlegenen landwirtschaftlichen Flächen der Provinz und die Spezialisierung auf die Weizenproduktion generiert wurde. Dieser Vorteil führte zu einem erheblichen Unterschied in den monetären Einkommen der Landwirte in den beiden Provinzen: Ontarios Landwirte verdienten mindestens dreimal so viel wie ihre Kollegen in Quebec. Diese Ungleichheit hatte tiefgreifende Auswirkungen auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in anderen Wirtschaftssektoren wie städtisches Wachstum, Fahrzeuge und Industrie. Das Buch beginnt mit der Hervorhebung der Unterschiede in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis zwischen Quebec und Ontario, wobei sich die Ontario-Bauern stärker auf die Weizenproduktion spezialisiert haben und Zugang zu jungfräulichem Getreide hatten, während die Bauern in Quebec durch den Mangel an verfügbarem Land und die Nähe zum Nordosten der USA eingeschränkt waren. Als sich die Marktbedingungen in den 1860er Jahren änderten, konnte Ontario seinen Fokus auf andere Branchen verlagern, während Quebec Schwierigkeiten hatte, profitable Alternativen zur Weizenproduktion zu finden. Dies führte zu einer zunehmenden Kluft bei den monetären Einnahmen zwischen den beiden Provinzen, die sich nachhaltig auf ihre jeweilige wirtschaftliche Entwicklung auswirkte.
Nierówne początki: Rolnictwo i rozwój gospodarczy w Quebecu i Ontario do 1870 r. Книва "Nierówne początki: rolnictwo i rozwój gospodarczy w Quebecu i Ontario do 1870 r." Муна ". Autor twierdzi, że przywództwo ekonomiczne Ontario nad Quebecem nie wynikało z konserwatywnych poglądów lub uprzedzeń antyindustrialnych, ale raczej z bogactwa generowanego przez wyższą ziemię rolną prowincji i specjalizację w produkcji pszenicy. Korzyść ta spowodowała znaczną różnicę w dochodach pieniężnych rolników w obu prowincjach, przy czym rolnicy z Ontario zarabiali co najmniej trzy razy więcej niż ich odpowiednicy z Quebecu. Nierówności te miały ogromny wpływ na rozwój gospodarczy w innych sektorach gospodarki, takich jak wzrost obszarów miejskich, pojazdy i przemysł. Książka zaczyna się od podkreślenia różnic w praktykach rolniczych między Quebecem a Ontario, przy czym rolnicy z Ontario bardziej specjalizowali się w produkcji pszenicy i mieli dostęp do dziewiczych ziem, podczas gdy rolnicy z Quebecu byli ograniczeni brakiem dostępnych gruntów i bliskością północno-wschodnich Stanów Zjednoczonych. Ponieważ warunki rynkowe zmieniły się w latach sześćdziesiątych XIX wieku, Ontario mogło przenieść swoje skupienie na innych gałęziach przemysłu, podczas gdy Quebec starał się znaleźć rentowne alternatywy dla produkcji pszenicy. Doprowadziło to do powiększenia się luki w dochodach pieniężnych między tymi dwoma prowincjami, co miało trwały wpływ na ich rozwój gospodarczy.
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Eşitsiz Başlangıçlar: Quebec ve Ontario'da 1870 yılına kadar Tarım ve Ekonomik Kalkınma Книга "Eşitsiz Başlangıçlar: Quebec ve Ontario'da 1870 yılına kadar Tarım ve Ekonomik Kalkınma" Джона. Yazar, Ontario'nun Quebec üzerindeki ekonomik liderliğinin muhafazakar görüşlere veya sanayi karşıtı önyargılara değil, eyaletin üstün tarım arazileri ve buğday üretimindeki uzmanlığının yarattığı zenginliğe bağlı olduğunu savunuyor. Bu avantaj, iki ildeki çiftçilerin nakit gelirlerinde önemli bir farkla sonuçlandı; Ontario çiftçileri, Quebec'teki meslektaşlarından en az üç kat daha fazla kazanıyor. Bu eşitsizlikler, kentsel büyüme, araçlar ve sanayi gibi ekonominin diğer sektörlerinde ekonomik kalkınma üzerinde derin bir etkiye sahiptir. Kitap, Quebec ve Ontario arasındaki tarımsal uygulamalardaki farklılıkları vurgulayarak başlıyor; Ontario çiftçileri buğday üretiminde daha uzmanlaşmış ve bakir topraklara erişebiliyorken, Quebec çiftçileri mevcut arazi eksikliği ve kuzeydoğu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne yakınlık nedeniyle sınırlıydı. 1860'larda piyasa koşulları değiştikçe, Ontario odağını diğer endüstrilere kaydırırken, Quebec buğday üretimine karlı alternatifler bulmakta zorlandı. Bu, iki il arasında genişleyen nakit gelir uçurumuna yol açtı ve bu da kendi ekonomik kalkınmaları üzerinde kalıcı bir etkiye sahipti.
البدايات غير المتكافئة: الزراعة والتنمية الاقتصادية في كيبيك وأونتاريو حتى عام 1870 Книга «البدايات غير المتكافئة: الزراعة والتنمية الاقتصادية في كيبيك وأونتاريو حتى عام 1870» Джона. يجادل المؤلف بأن القيادة الاقتصادية لأونتاريو على كيبيك لم تكن بسبب الآراء المحافظة أو التحيزات المناهضة للصناعة، بل بسبب الثروة الناتجة عن الأراضي الزراعية المتفوقة في المقاطعة والتخصص في إنتاج القمح. وأدت هذه الميزة إلى اختلاف كبير في الدخل النقدي للمزارعين في المقاطعتين، حيث يكسب المزارعون في أونتاريو ما لا يقل عن ثلاثة أضعاف دخل نظرائهم في كيبيك. وكان لأوجه عدم المساواة هذه أثر عميق على التنمية الاقتصادية في قطاعات الاقتصاد الأخرى، مثل النمو الحضري والمركبات والصناعة. يبدأ الكتاب بتسليط الضوء على الاختلافات في الممارسات الزراعية بين كيبيك وأونتاريو، حيث كان المزارعون في أونتاريو أكثر تخصصًا في إنتاج القمح والوصول إلى الأراضي البكر، بينما كان مزارعو كيبيك محدودين بسبب نقص الأراضي المتاحة والقرب من شمال شرق الولايات المتحدة. مع تغير ظروف السوق في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر، تمكنت أونتاريو من تحويل تركيزها إلى صناعات أخرى، بينما كافحت كيبيك لإيجاد بدائل مربحة لإنتاج القمح. أدى ذلك إلى اتساع فجوة الدخل النقدي بين المقاطعتين، مما كان له تأثير دائم على التنمية الاقتصادية لكل منهما.
Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870 Книга «Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario until 1870» Джона.作者認為,安大略省對魁北克省的經濟領導不是由於保守的觀點或反工業的偏見,而是由於該省優越的農業土地和專門生產小麥而產生的財富。這種優勢導致兩個省份農民的現金收入差異很大:安大略省的農民的收入至少是魁北克同行的三倍。這種不平等現象對其他經濟部門的經濟發展產生了深遠的影響,例如城市增長,車輛和工業。該書首先強調了魁北克和安大略省之間農業實踐的差異,安大略省的農民更多地專門從事小麥生產,並可以使用谷物,而魁北克的農民則因缺乏可用土地和靠近美國東北部而受到限制。隨著1860代市場狀況的變化,安大略省得以將重點轉移到其他行業,而魁北克則難以找到小麥生產的有利可圖的替代品。這導致兩個省之間的貨幣收入差距擴大,對各自的經濟發展產生了持久的影響。

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