BOOKS - The Military In Politics: Changing Patterns In Brazil
The Military In Politics: Changing Patterns In Brazil - Alfred Stepan June 21, 1971 PDF  BOOKS
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The Military In Politics: Changing Patterns In Brazil
Author: Alfred Stepan
Year: June 21, 1971
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 18 MB
Language: English



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The book "The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil" by Alfred Stepan provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of the military in Brazilian politics, from the institutional background to the breakdown of civil-military relations and the assumption of power by the military. The book is divided into four parts, each of which explores a different aspect of the relationship between the military and civilian governments in Brazil. In Part I, Stepan examines the institutional background of the military, including its organizational unity and national orientation, and tests and reformulates implicit and explicit models and middlerange hypotheses in the literature of civil-military relations and political development theory. He argues that many of the expectations and hypotheses held by theoreticians and policymakers about the capabilities of the military in modernization need to be seriously qualified. In Part II, Stepan discusses the moderating pattern of civil-military relations in Brazil from 1945 to 1964, including the civilian aspects of the moderating pattern and the functioning of the pattern during five coups. He compares the experiences of Asian and African countries with those of Brazil, providing a wide comparative framework. In Part III, Stepan analyzes the breakdown of the moderating pattern of civil-military relations and the emergence of military rule in Brazil from 1961 to 1964. He examines the growing sense of crisis in the regime, the impact of political and economic crises on the military, and the development of a new military ideology.
В книге Альфреда Степана «The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil» представлен всесторонний анализ роли военных в бразильской политике, от институционального фона до разрыва гражданско-военных отношений и принятия власти военными. Книга разделена на четыре части, каждая из которых исследует различные аспекты взаимоотношений между военным и гражданским правительствами Бразилии. В части I Степан исследует институциональную основу вооруженных сил, включая их организационное единство и национальную ориентацию, а также проверяет и переформулирует неявные и явные модели и гипотезы промежуточного уровня в литературе по военно-гражданским отношениям и теории политического развития. Он утверждает, что многие ожидания и гипотезы, которыми придерживаются теоретики и политики в отношении возможностей вооруженных сил в модернизации, должны быть серьезно квалифицированы. В части II Степан обсуждает сдерживающую модель военно-гражданских отношений в Бразилии с 1945 по 1964 год, включая гражданские аспекты сдерживающей модели и функционирование модели во время пяти переворотов. Он сравнивает опыт азиатских и африканских стран с опытом Бразилии, предоставляя широкие сравнительные рамки. В части III Степан анализирует распад сдерживающей модели военно-гражданских отношений и возникновение военного правления в Бразилии с 1961 по 1964 год. Он рассматривает растущее чувство кризиса в режиме, влияние политических и экономических кризисов на вооруженные силы и развитие новой военной идеологии.
livre d'Alfred Stepan, The Military in Politics : Changing Patterns in Brazil, présente une analyse complète du rôle de l'armée dans la politique brésilienne, du contexte institutionnel à la rupture des relations civiles-militaires et à l'acceptation du pouvoir par l'armée. livre est divisé en quatre parties, chacune examinant les différents aspects de la relation entre les gouvernements militaire et civil du Brésil. Dans la première partie, Stepan explore le cadre institutionnel des forces armées, y compris leur unité organisationnelle et leur orientation nationale, et teste et reformule des modèles et hypothèses implicites et explicites de niveau intermédiaire dans la littérature sur les relations militaro-civiles et la théorie du développement politique. Il affirme que de nombreuses attentes et hypothèses des théoriciens et des politiciens concernant la capacité des forces armées à se moderniser doivent être sérieusement qualifiées. Dans la partie II, Stepan discute du modèle dissuasif des relations militaro-civiles au Brésil de 1945 à 1964, y compris les aspects civils du modèle dissuasif et le fonctionnement du modèle pendant les cinq coups d'État. Il compare l'expérience des pays d'Asie et d'Afrique à celle du Brésil en fournissant un cadre comparatif général. Dans la troisième partie, Stepan analyse la désintégration du modèle dissuasif des relations militaires-civiles et l'émergence d'un régime militaire au Brésil de 1961 à 1964. Il examine le sentiment croissant de crise dans le régime, l'impact des crises politiques et économiques sur les forces armées et le développement d'une nouvelle idéologie militaire.
libro de Alfred Stepan «The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brasil» presenta un análisis exhaustivo del papel de los militares en la política brasileña, desde el fondo institucional hasta la ruptura de las relaciones cívico-militares y la toma de poder por los militares. libro se divide en cuatro partes, cada una de las cuales explora diferentes aspectos de la relación entre los gobiernos militar y civil de Brasil. En la parte I, Stepan explora el marco institucional de las fuerzas armadas, incluyendo su unidad organizativa y orientación nacional, y verifica y reformula modelos e hipótesis implícitas y explícitas de nivel intermedio en la literatura sobre las relaciones cívico-militares y la teoría del desarrollo político. Sostiene que muchas de las expectativas e hipótesis que sostienen los teóricos y las políticas sobre la capacidad de modernización de las Fuerzas Armadas deben ser seriamente calificadas. En la parte II, Stepan discute el modelo disuasorio de las relaciones cívico-militares en Brasil de 1945 a 1964, incluyendo los aspectos civiles del modelo disuasorio y el funcionamiento del modelo durante los cinco golpes de Estado. Compara las experiencias asiáticas y africanas con las de Brasil, proporcionando un amplio marco comparativo. En la parte III, Stepan analiza el colapso del modelo disuasorio de las relaciones cívico-militares y el surgimiento del gobierno militar en Brasil de 1961 a 1964. Examina la creciente sensación de crisis en el régimen, el impacto de las crisis políticas y económicas en las fuerzas armadas y el desarrollo de una nueva ideología militar.
O livro «The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil», de Alfred Stepan, apresenta uma análise completa do papel dos militares na política brasileira, desde o fundo institucional até a ruptura das relações civis-militares e a tomada de poder pelos militares. O livro é dividido em quatro partes, cada uma das quais explora diferentes aspectos das relações entre os governos militar e civil do Brasil. Na parte I, Stepan explora os fundamentos institucionais das Forças Armadas, incluindo sua unidade organizacional e orientação nacional, além de verificar e redefinir modelos e hipóteses implícitas e explícitas de nível intermediário na literatura sobre as relações civis militares e a teoria do desenvolvimento político. Ele afirma que muitas das expectativas e hipóteses dos teóricos e políticas sobre a capacidade de modernização das forças armadas devem ser seriamente qualificadas. Na parte II, Stepan discute o modelo de contenção das relações civis-militares no Brasil entre 1945 e 1964, incluindo aspectos civis do modelo de contenção e o funcionamento do modelo durante os cinco golpes. Ele compara a experiência de países asiáticos e africanos com a do Brasil, fornecendo amplos marcos comparativos. Na parte III, Stepan analisa a desintegração do modelo de dissuasão civil-militar e o surgimento do governo militar no Brasil entre 1961 e 1964. Ele considera o crescente sentimento de crise no regime, o impacto das crises políticas e econômicas sobre as forças armadas e o desenvolvimento de uma nova ideologia militar.
Il libro di Alfred Stepan «The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil» fornisce un'analisi completa del ruolo dei militari nella politica brasiliana, dallo sfondo istituzionale alla rottura delle relazioni civili-militari e all'assunzione del potere militare. Il libro è suddiviso in quattro parti, ognuna delle quali esamina diversi aspetti delle relazioni tra i governi militare e civile del Brasile. Nella parte I, Stepan esplora le basi istituzionali delle forze armate, inclusa la loro unità organizzativa e l'orientamento nazionale, e verifica e ridefinisce i modelli e le ipotesi implicite e esplicite di livello intermedio nella letteratura delle relazioni civili-militari e della teoria dello sviluppo politico. Sostiene che molte delle aspettative e delle ipotesi sostenute dai teorici e dalle politiche sulla capacità di modernizzazione delle forze armate dovrebbero essere seriamente qualificate. Nella parte II, Stepan discute il modello di contenimento delle relazioni civili e militari in Brasile dal 1945 al 1964, compresi gli aspetti civili del modello di contenimento e il funzionamento del modello durante i cinque colpi di stato. Confronta le esperienze dei paesi asiatici e africani con quelle del Brasile, fornendo un ampio quadro comparativo. Nella parte III, Stepan analizza la disintegrazione del modello di contenimento delle relazioni civili e militari e la nascita del governo militare in Brasile dal 1961 al 1964. Considera il crescente senso di crisi di regime, l'impatto delle crisi politiche ed economiche sulle forze armate e lo sviluppo di una nuova ideologia militare.
Alfred Stepans Buch „The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil“ bietet eine umfassende Analyse der Rolle des Militärs in der brasilianischen Politik, vom institutionellen Hintergrund über den Abbruch zivil-militärischer Beziehungen bis hin zur Machtübernahme durch das Militär. Das Buch ist in vier Teile gegliedert, die jeweils verschiedene Aspekte der Beziehung zwischen den militärischen und zivilen Regierungen Brasiliens untersuchen. In Teil I untersucht Stepan den institutionellen Rahmen der Streitkräfte, einschließlich ihrer organisatorischen Einheit und nationalen Ausrichtung, und überprüft und reformuliert implizite und explizite Modelle und Hypothesen auf mittlerer Ebene in der Literatur über zivil-militärische Beziehungen und die Theorie der politischen Entwicklung. Er argumentiert, dass viele der Erwartungen und Hypothesen, die Theoretiker und Politiker in Bezug auf die Fähigkeit der Streitkräfte zur Modernisierung haben, ernsthaft qualifiziert werden müssen. In Teil II diskutiert Stepan das Abschreckungsmodell der militärisch-zivilen Beziehungen in Brasilien von 1945 bis 1964, einschließlich der zivilen Aspekte des Abschreckungsmodells und der Funktionsweise des Modells während der fünf Staatsstreiche. Es vergleicht die Erfahrungen asiatischer und afrikanischer Länder mit denen Brasiliens und bietet einen breiten Vergleichsrahmen. In Teil III analysiert Stepan den Zusammenbruch des abschreckenden Modells der militärisch-zivilen Beziehungen und die Entstehung der Militärherrschaft in Brasilien von 1961 bis 1964. Er untersucht das wachsende Krisengefühl im Regime, die Auswirkungen politischer und wirtschaftlicher Krisen auf das Militär und die Entwicklung einer neuen militärischen Ideologie.
Alfred Stepan's The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns w Brazylii przedstawia kompleksową analizę roli wojska w polityce brazylijskiej, z instytucjonalnego tła do rozpadu stosunków cywilno-wojskowych i przyjęcia władzy przez wojsko. Książka podzielona jest na cztery części, z których każda bada różne aspekty relacji między brazylijskimi rządami wojskowymi a cywilnymi. W części I Stepan bada instytucjonalne podstawy sił zbrojnych, w tym ich jedność organizacyjną i orientację narodową, a także testuje i przeformułowuje domyślne i jednoznacznie pośrednie modele i hipotezy w literaturze na temat stosunków cywilno-wojskowych i teorii rozwoju politycznego. Twierdzi, że wiele oczekiwań i hipotez teoretyków i decydentów dotyczących zdolności modernizacyjnych wojskowych musi być poważnie wykwalifikowanych. W części II Stepan omawia odstraszający model stosunków cywilno-wojskowych w Brazylii w latach 1945-1964, w tym cywilne aspekty modelu odstraszającego i funkcjonowanie modelu podczas pięciu zamachów stanu. Porównuje doświadczenia krajów azjatyckich i afrykańskich z doświadczeniami brazylijskimi, zapewniając szerokie ramy porównawcze. W części III Stepan analizuje rozpad odstraszającego modelu stosunków cywilno-wojskowych i pojawienie się rządów wojskowych w Brazylii w latach 1961-1964. Przygląda się rosnącemu poczuciu kryzysu w reżimie, wpływowi kryzysów politycznych i gospodarczych na wojsko oraz rozwojowi nowej ideologii wojskowej.
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Alfred Stepan'ın The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil (yasetteki Ordu: Brezilya'da Değişen Örüntüler) adlı eseri, kurumsal arka plandan sivil-asker ilişkilerinin bozulmasına ve iktidarın ordu tarafından benimsenmesine kadar, Brezilya siyasetinde ordunun rolünün kapsamlı bir analizini sunuyor. Kitap, her biri Brezilya'nın askeri ve sivil hükümetleri arasındaki ilişkinin farklı yönlerini araştıran dört bölüme ayrılmıştır. Bölüm I'de Stepan, örgütsel birlik ve ulusal yönelimleri de dahil olmak üzere silahlı kuvvetlerin kurumsal temelini araştırıyor ve sivil-askeri ilişkiler ve politik gelişim teorisi literatüründe örtük ve açık orta düzey modelleri ve hipotezleri test ediyor ve yeniden formüle ediyor. Teorisyenler ve politika yapıcılar tarafından ordunun modernizasyon yetenekleri hakkında tutulan beklentilerin ve hipotezlerin çoğunun ciddi şekilde nitelikli olması gerektiğini savunuyor. II. Bölümde Stepan, 1945'ten 1964'e kadar Brezilya'daki sivil-asker ilişkilerinin caydırıcı modelini, caydırıcı modelin sivil yönlerini ve beş darbe sırasında modelin işleyişini tartışıyor. Asya ve Afrika ülkelerinin deneyimlerini Brezilya'nınkilerle karşılaştırır ve geniş bir karşılaştırmalı çerçeve sunar. Bölüm III'te Stepan, sivil-asker ilişkilerinin caydırıcı modelinin parçalanmasını ve 1961'den 1964'e kadar Brezilya'da askeri yönetimin ortaya çıkmasını analiz ediyor. Rejimdeki artan kriz duygusuna, siyasi ve ekonomik krizlerin ordu üzerindeki etkisine ve yeni bir askeri ideolojinin gelişimine bakıyor.
يقدم كتاب ألفريد ستيبان The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil تحليلاً شاملاً لدور الجيش في السياسة البرازيلية، من الخلفية المؤسسية إلى انهيار العلاقات المدنية العسكرية واعتماد السلطة من قبل الجيش. ينقسم الكتاب إلى أربعة أجزاء، يستكشف كل منها جوانب مختلفة من العلاقة بين الحكومتين العسكرية والمدنية في البرازيل. في الجزء الأول، يستكشف ستيبان الأساس المؤسسي للقوات المسلحة، بما في ذلك وحدتها التنظيمية وتوجهها الوطني، ويختبر ويعيد صياغة نماذج وفرضيات ضمنية وصريحة على المستوى المتوسط في المؤلفات حول العلاقات المدنية العسكرية ونظرية التنمية السياسية. وهو يجادل بأن العديد من التوقعات والفرضيات التي يعقدها المنظرون وصانعو السياسات حول قدرات التحديث العسكرية يجب أن تكون مؤهلة بجدية. في الجزء الثاني، يناقش ستيبان النموذج الرادع للعلاقات المدنية والعسكرية في البرازيل من 1945 إلى 1964، بما في ذلك الجوانب المدنية لنموذج الردع وعمل النموذج خلال الانقلابات الخمس. وهو يقارن تجارب البلدان الآسيوية والأفريقية بتجارب البرازيل، مما يوفر إطارا مقارنا واسعا. في الجزء الثالث، يحلل ستيبان تفكك النموذج الرادع للعلاقات المدنية العسكرية وظهور الحكم العسكري في البرازيل من 1961 إلى 1964. وهو ينظر إلى الإحساس المتزايد بالأزمة في النظام، وتأثير الأزمات السياسية والاقتصادية على الجيش، وتطوير أيديولوجية عسكرية جديدة.
阿爾弗雷德·斯蒂芬(Alfred Stepan)的著作《政治上的軍事:巴西的變化模式》(The Military in Politics:Changing Patterns in Brazil)全面分析了軍隊在巴西政治中的作用,從機構背景到軍民關系的破裂以及軍方的權力接受。該書分為四個部分,每個部分探討了巴西軍民政府之間關系的不同方面。在第一部分中,斯蒂芬研究了武裝部隊的體制基礎,包括其組織統一和民族取向,並在有關軍民關系和政治發展理論的文獻中檢驗和重新定義了隱性和顯性的中級模型和假設。他認為,理論家和政策家對武裝部隊現代化能力的許多期望和假設必須得到認真對待。在第二部分中,斯蒂芬討論了1945至1964巴西軍民關系的威懾模式,包括威懾模式的民事方面以及該模式在五次政變中的運作。他將亞洲和非洲國家的經驗與巴西的經驗進行了比較,提供了廣泛的比較框架。在第三部分中,斯蒂芬分析了軍民關系的威懾模式的崩潰以及1961至1964巴西軍事統治的出現。他著眼於政權中日益增長的危機感,政治和經濟危機對武裝部隊的影響以及新軍事意識形態的發展。

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