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Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century - Edward A. Alpers June 1, 1975 PDF  BOOKS
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Ivory and Slaves: Changing Pattern of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century
Author: Edward A. Alpers
Year: June 1, 1975
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 19 MB
Language: English



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The Plot of Ivory and Slaves: Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later Nineteenth Century In this captivating book, author John H. Parry delves into the intricate history of international trade in East Central Africa during the later nineteenth century, focusing on the shift from ivory and slave trade to more modern forms of commerce. The book explores how this transformation impacted the lives of individuals living in the region and the consequences it had on their societies. The story begins in the mid-nineteenth century when European powers such as Britain, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal began to take an interest in the region's natural resources, including ivory and slaves. These powers sought to exploit these resources for their own benefit, often at the expense of local populations. As a result, many African communities were forced to adapt to new economic systems and social structures that were imposed upon them. However, as the demand for ivory and slaves decreased, new technologies emerged that changed the course of international trade forever. The introduction of firearms and other advanced weaponry made it easier for European powers to access remote areas of the region, leading to increased competition among traders and ultimately altering the balance of power between European nations and African states. One of the most significant changes was the rise of coffee and tea plantations in the highlands of Kenya and Tanzania. This led to the displacement of traditional farming practices and the creation of large-scale agricultural industries that transformed the regional economy. Additionally, the introduction of railways and steamships facilitated communication and transportation across long distances, further revolutionizing trade in the area.
The Plot of Ivory and Slaves: Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later 19th Century В этой увлекательной книге, Джон Х. Парри углубляется в запутанную историю международной торговли в Восточной Центральной Африке в конце девятнадцатого века, сосредоточение внимания на переходе от торговли слоновой костью и рабами к более современным формам торговли. Книга исследует, как эта трансформация повлияла на жизнь людей, живущих в регионе, и последствия, которые она имела для их обществ. История начинается в середине девятнадцатого века, когда европейские державы, такие как Великобритания, Германия, Бельгия и Португалия, начали интересоваться природными ресурсами региона, включая слоновую кость и рабов. Эти державы стремились использовать эти ресурсы в своих интересах, часто за счёт местного населения. В результате многие африканские общины были вынуждены адаптироваться к новым экономическим системам и социальным структурам, которые были им навязаны. Однако по мере снижения спроса на слоновую кость и рабов появились новые технологии, навсегда изменившие ход международной торговли. Введение огнестрельного оружия и другого передового оружия облегчило европейским державам доступ к отдаленным районам региона, что привело к усилению конкуренции среди торговцев и в конечном итоге изменило баланс сил между европейскими нациями и африканскими государствами. Одним из наиболее значительных изменений стал подъем плантаций кофе и чая в высокогорных районах Кении и Танзании. Это привело к вытеснению традиционных методов ведения сельского хозяйства и созданию крупных сельскохозяйственных производств, преобразивших экономику региона. Кроме того, введение железных дорог и пароходов облегчило сообщение и транспортировку на большие расстояния, что ещё больше революционизировало торговлю в этом районе.
The Plot of Ivory and Slaves : Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later 19th Century Dans ce livre fascinant, John H. Parry explore l'histoire confuse du commerce international en Afrique centrale de l'Est à la fin du XIXe siècle, se concentrer sur le passage du commerce de l'ivoire et des esclaves à des formes plus modernes de commerce. livre explore comment cette transformation a affecté la vie des habitants de la région et les conséquences qu'elle a eu sur leurs sociétés. L'histoire commence au milieu du XIXe siècle, lorsque des puissances européennes comme la Grande-Bretagne, l'Allemagne, la Belgique et le Portugal commencent à s'intéresser aux ressources naturelles de la région, y compris l'ivoire et les esclaves. Ces puissances cherchaient à utiliser ces ressources à leur avantage, souvent au détriment de la population locale. En conséquence, de nombreuses communautés africaines ont dû s'adapter aux nouveaux systèmes économiques et aux structures sociales qui leur avaient été imposées. Cependant, avec la baisse de la demande d'ivoire et d'esclaves, de nouvelles technologies sont apparues qui ont changé à jamais le cours du commerce international. L'introduction d'armes à feu et d'autres armes avancées a facilité l'accès des puissances européennes aux régions reculées de la région, ce qui a entraîné une concurrence accrue entre les commerçants et a finalement modifié l'équilibre des pouvoirs entre les nations européennes et les États africains. L'un des changements les plus importants a été la montée des plantations de café et de thé dans les régions montagneuses du Kenya et de la Tanzanie. Cela a entraîné le renversement des méthodes agricoles traditionnelles et la création de grandes industries agricoles qui ont transformé l'économie de la région. En outre, l'introduction des chemins de fer et des bateaux à vapeur a facilité la communication et le transport à longue distance, ce qui a encore révolutionné le commerce dans la région.
The Plot of Ivory and Slaves: Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later 19th Century En este fascinante libro, John H. Parry profundiza en la confusa historia del comercio internacional en el Centro Oriental África a finales del siglo XIX, centrándose en la transición del comercio de marfil y esclavos a formas de comercio más modernas. libro explora cómo esta transformación ha afectado la vida de las personas que viven en la región y las consecuencias que ha tenido para sus sociedades. La historia comienza a mediados del siglo XIX, cuando potencias europeas como Gran Bretaña, Alemania, Bélgica y Portugal comenzaron a interesarse por los recursos naturales de la región, incluyendo el marfil y los esclavos. Estas potencias buscaban utilizar estos recursos en beneficio propio, a menudo a expensas de la población local. Como resultado, muchas comunidades africanas se han visto obligadas a adaptarse a los nuevos sistemas económicos y estructuras sociales que se les han impuesto. n embargo, a medida que disminuía la demanda de marfil y esclavos, surgieron nuevas tecnologías que cambiaron para siempre el curso del comercio internacional. La introducción de armas de fuego y otras armas avanzadas facilitó el acceso de las potencias europeas a zonas remotas de la región, lo que llevó a una mayor competencia entre los comerciantes y, en última instancia, alteró el equilibrio de poder entre las naciones europeas y los estados africanos. Uno de los cambios más significativos fue el auge de las plantaciones de café y té en las zonas altas de Kenia y Tanzania. Esto se tradujo en el desplazamiento de las prácticas agrícolas tradicionales y la creación de grandes industrias agrícolas que transformaron la economía de la región. Además, la introducción de ferrocarriles y vapores facilitó la comunicación y el transporte a larga distancia, lo que revolucionó aún más el comercio en la zona.
The Plot of Ivory and Slaves: Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later 19th Century In questo affascinante libro, John H. Parry approfondisce la complessa storia del commercio internazionale nell'Africa centrale orientale alla fine del Novecento, focalizzando l'attenzione su questo tema passare dal commercio di avorio e schiavi a forme di commercio più moderne. Il libro indaga come questa trasformazione ha influenzato la vita delle persone che vivono nella regione e le conseguenze che ha avuto sulle loro società. La storia inizia a metà del Novecento, quando potenze europee come Regno Unito, Germania, Belgio e Portogallo cominciarono a interessarsi alle risorse naturali della regione, tra cui avorio e schiavi. Queste potenze hanno cercato di utilizzare queste risorse a loro vantaggio, spesso a spese della popolazione locale. Di conseguenza, molte comunità africane sono state costrette ad adattarsi ai nuovi sistemi economici e alle nuove strutture sociali che sono state loro imposte. Tuttavia, con la diminuzione della domanda di avorio e schiavi, sono arrivate nuove tecnologie che hanno cambiato per sempre il corso del commercio internazionale. L'introduzione di armi da fuoco e altre armi avanzate ha facilitato l'accesso delle potenze europee a aree remote della regione, aumentando la concorrenza tra i trafficanti e modificando alla fine l'equilibrio di potere tra le nazioni europee e gli stati africani. Uno dei cambiamenti più significativi è stato il rilancio di piantagioni di caffè e tè nelle zone alte del Kenya e della Tanzania. Ciò ha portato all'esclusione dei tradizionali metodi agricoli e alla creazione di grandi produzioni agricole che hanno trasformato l'economia della regione. Inoltre, l'introduzione di ferrovie e traghetti ha facilitato la comunicazione e il trasporto su lunghe distanze, rivoluzionando ulteriormente il commercio nella zona.
The Plot of Ivory and Slaves: Changing Patterns of International Trade in East Central Africa to the Later 19th Century In diesem faszinierenden Buch taucht John H. Parry in die verwirrende Geschichte des internationalen Handels im östlichen Zentralafrika im späten neunzehnten Jahrhundert ein und konzentriert sich auf den Übergang vom Handel Elfenbein und Sklaven zu moderneren Formen des Handels. Das Buch untersucht, wie sich diese Transformation auf das ben der Menschen in der Region ausgewirkt hat und welche Auswirkungen sie auf ihre Gesellschaften hatte. Die Geschichte beginnt in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts, als europäische Mächte wie Großbritannien, Deutschland, Belgien und Portugal begannen, sich für die natürlichen Ressourcen der Region zu interessieren, einschließlich Elfenbein und Sklaven. Diese Mächte versuchten, diese Ressourcen zu ihrem Vorteil zu nutzen, oft auf Kosten der lokalen Bevölkerung. Infolgedessen waren viele afrikanische Gemeinschaften gezwungen, sich an die neuen Wirtschaftssysteme und sozialen Strukturen anzupassen, die ihnen auferlegt wurden. Als jedoch die Nachfrage nach Elfenbein und Sklaven zurückging, tauchten neue Technologien auf, die den internationalen Handel für immer veränderten. Die Einführung von Feuerwaffen und anderen fortschrittlichen Waffen erleichterte den europäischen Mächten den Zugang zu abgelegenen Gebieten der Region, was zu einem verstärkten Wettbewerb unter den Händlern führte und letztendlich das Machtgleichgewicht zwischen den europäischen Nationen und den afrikanischen Staaten veränderte. Eine der bedeutendsten Veränderungen war der Aufstieg von Kaffee- und Teeplantagen im Hochland von Kenia und Tansania. Dies führte zur Verdrängung traditioneller landwirtschaftlicher Praktiken und zur Schaffung großer landwirtschaftlicher Industrien, die die Wirtschaft der Region veränderten. Darüber hinaus erleichterte die Einführung von Eisenbahnen und Dampfschiffen den Fernverkehr und den Transport, was den Handel in der Region weiter revolutionierte.
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Fildişi ve Kölelerin Arsası: Doğu Orta Afrika'da Uluslararası Ticaretin Değişen Kalıpları, Daha Sonra 19. Yüzyıla Bu büyüleyici kitapta, John H. Parry, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın sonlarında Doğu Orta Afrika'daki uluslararası ticaretin karmaşık tarihini inceliyor. Ticaret fildişi ve kölelerden daha modern ticaret biçimlerine geçişe odaklanmaktadır. Kitap, bu dönüşümün bölgede yaşayan insanların yaşamlarını ve toplumları üzerindeki sonuçlarını nasıl etkilediğini araştırıyor. Hikaye, on dokuzuncu yüzyılın ortalarında, İngiltere, Almanya, Belçika ve Portekiz gibi Avrupalı güçlerin, fildişi ve köleler de dahil olmak üzere bölgenin doğal kaynaklarına ilgi duymaya başladığı zaman başlıyor. Bu güçler, genellikle yerel halkın pahasına, bu kaynakları kendi çıkarları için kullanmaya çalıştılar. Sonuç olarak, birçok Afrika topluluğu kendilerine dayatılan yeni ekonomik sistemlere ve sosyal yapılara uyum sağlamaya zorlandı. Bununla birlikte, fildişi ve kölelere olan talep azaldıkça, uluslararası ticaretin seyrini sonsuza dek değiştiren yeni teknolojiler ortaya çıktı. Ateşli silahların ve diğer gelişmiş silahların piyasaya sürülmesi, Avrupalı güçlerin bölgenin uzak bölgelerine erişmesini kolaylaştırdı, tüccarlar arasında artan rekabete yol açtı ve sonunda Avrupa ülkeleri ile Afrika devletleri arasındaki güç dengesini değiştirdi. En önemli değişikliklerden biri, Kenya ve Tanzanya'nın dağlık bölgelerinde kahve ve çay tarlalarının yükselmesiydi. Bu, geleneksel tarım yöntemlerinin yer değiştirmesine ve bölgenin ekonomisini dönüştüren büyük tarım endüstrilerinin yaratılmasına yol açtı. Buna ek olarak, demiryollarının ve buharlı gemilerin tanıtılması, bölgedeki ticarette daha fazla devrim yaratan uzun mesafelerde iletişim ve taşımacılığı kolaylaştırdı.
《象牙和奴隸的斑點:改變中東部非洲國際貿易到19世紀後期的國際貿易模式》約翰·帕裏(John H. Parry)在這本引人入勝的書中,深入探討了19世紀後期東中部非洲國際貿易的混亂歷史,專註於從國際貿易轉變。象牙和奴隸貿易到更現代的貿易形式。該書探討了這種轉變如何影響了該地區人民的生活及其對社會的影響。故事始於19世紀中葉,當時英國,德國,比利時和葡萄牙等歐洲大國開始對該地區的自然資源(包括象牙和奴隸)感興趣。這些大國試圖將這些資源用於自己的利益,通常以犧牲當地居民為代價。結果,許多非洲社區被迫適應強加給他們的新的經濟制度和社會結構。但是,隨著對象牙和奴隸的需求下降,出現了新的技術,永久改變了國際貿易的進程。火器和其他先進武器的引入使歐洲大國更容易進入該地區的偏遠地區,導致貿易商之間的競爭加劇,並最終改變了歐洲國家和非洲國家之間的力量平衡。最重大的變化之一是肯尼亞和坦桑尼亞高地地區的咖啡和茶種植園的興起。這導致傳統的耕作方式被取代,並產生了改變該地區經濟的大型農業產業。此外,鐵路和輪船的引入促進了長途運輸和運輸,進一步徹底改變了該地區的貿易。

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