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One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong
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One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation since the Handover
Author: Wong Yiu-chung
Year: October 15, 2004
Format: PDF
File size: PDF 1.8 MB
Language: English



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One Country Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation Since the Handover The year was 1984, a pivotal moment in history when the United Kingdom and China entered into negotiations that would change the fate of Hong Kong forever. The Sino-British Joint Declaration marked the beginning of the end of British rule over the territory, and the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed sovereignty over the former colony. However, the PRC agreed to implement the "one country, two systems" principle, which promised Hong Kong a high degree of autonomy and self-governance for the next fifty years. This principle was meant to ensure that Hong Kong could maintain its capitalist economy, legal system, and way of life while being under the umbrella of communist China. Fast forward to 1997, the handover took place, and Hong Kong officially became a part of China once again. But as the years passed, it became clear that the PRC had no intention of honoring their promise. Instead, they sought to exert greater control over the territory, suppressing dissent and stifling civil liberties. The once vibrant and free society of Hong Kong has been transformed into a rubber stamp of the Chinese Communist Party, with freedom of speech at the mercy of the government.
One Country Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation nce the Handover Годом стал 1984, ключевой момент в истории, когда Великобритания и Китай вступили в переговоры, которые навсегда изменят судьбу Гонконга. Китайско-британская совместная декларация положила начало концу британского правления над территорией, а Китайская Народная Республика (КНР) приняла суверенитет над бывшей колонией. Однако КНР согласилась реализовать принцип «одна страна - две системы», что обещало Гонконгу высокую степень автономии и самоуправления на ближайшие пятьдесят лет. Этот принцип был призван гарантировать, что Гонконг сможет сохранить свою капиталистическую экономику, правовую систему и образ жизни, находясь под зонтиком коммунистического Китая. Перенесемся в 1997 год, передача состоялась, и Гонконг официально снова стал частью Китая. Но по прошествии лет стало ясно, что КНР не намерена выполнять их обещание. Вместо этого они стремились осуществлять больший контроль над территорией, подавляя инакомыслие и подавляя гражданские свободы. Некогда живое и свободное общество Гонконга превратилось в резиновую печать Коммунистической партии Китая, свобода слова которой отдана на откуп правительству.
One Country Two Systems in Crisis : Hong Kong Transformation nce the Handover L'année a été 1984, un moment clé de l'histoire où le Royaume-Uni et la Chine ont engagé des négociations qui changeront pour toujours le destin de Hong Kong. La déclaration conjointe sino-britannique a marqué le début de la fin du règne britannique sur le territoire, et la République populaire de Chine (Chine) a accepté la souveraineté sur l'ancienne colonie. Cependant, la Chine a accepté de mettre en œuvre le principe « un pays - deux systèmes », qui promettait à Hong Kong un degré élevé d'autonomie et d'autonomie pour les cinquante prochaines années. Ce principe devait permettre à Hong Kong de préserver son économie capitaliste, son système juridique et son mode de vie, sous l'égide de la Chine communiste. Reportons-nous à 1997, le transfert a eu lieu, et Hong Kong est officiellement redevenu une partie de la Chine. Mais au fil des ans, il est devenu clair que la Chine n'avait pas l'intention de tenir sa promesse. Au lieu de cela, ils ont cherché à exercer un plus grand contrôle sur le territoire, étouffant la dissidence et étouffant les libertés civiles. La société autrefois vivante et libre de Hong Kong est devenue le sceau en caoutchouc du Parti communiste chinois, dont la liberté d'expression est mise à la merci du gouvernement.
One Country Two Systems in Crisis: la transformación de Hong Kong nce the Handover año fue 1984, un momento clave en la historia en que el Reino Unido y China entraron en negociaciones que cambiarían para siempre el destino de Hong Kong. La declaración conjunta chino-británica marcó el comienzo del fin del gobierno británico sobre el territorio, y la República Popular China (RPC) asumió la soberanía sobre la antigua colonia. n embargo, la República Popular China aceptó aplicar el principio de «un país - dos sistemas», que prometía a Hong Kong un alto grado de autonomía y autogobierno para los próximos cincuenta . Este principio estaba diseñado para garantizar que Hong Kong pudiera mantener su economía capitalista, su sistema legal y su estilo de vida bajo el paraguas de la China comunista. Nos trasladamos a 1997, la transmisión tuvo lugar y Hong Kong volvió a formar parte oficialmente de China. Pero al paso de los quedó claro que el PRC no tenía intención de cumplir su promesa. En cambio, buscaban ejercer un mayor control sobre el territorio, reprimiendo la disidencia y suprimiendo las libertades civiles. La otrora viva y libre sociedad de Hong Kong se ha convertido en el sello de goma del Partido Comunista de China, cuya libertad de expresión está a merced del gobierno.
Ein Land Zwei Systeme in der Krise: Hongkongs Transformation seit der Handover Das Jahr 1984 war ein Schlüsselmoment in der Geschichte, als Großbritannien und China in Verhandlungen eintraten, die das Schicksal Hongkongs für immer verändern würden. Die chinesisch-britische gemeinsame Erklärung leitete das Ende der britischen Herrschaft über das Gebiet ein, und die Volksrepublik China (VR China) übernahm die Souveränität über die ehemalige Kolonie. China erklärte sich jedoch bereit, das Prinzip „Ein Land, zwei Systeme“ umzusetzen, das Hongkong ein hohes Maß an Autonomie und Selbstverwaltung für die nächsten fünfzig Jahre versprach. Dieses Prinzip sollte sicherstellen, dass Hongkong seine kapitalistische Wirtschaft, sein Rechtssystem und seine bensweise unter dem Dach des kommunistischen Chinas bewahren konnte. Schneller Vorlauf bis 1997, die Übergabe fand statt und Hongkong wurde offiziell wieder Teil Chinas. Aber im Laufe der Jahre wurde klar, dass die VR China nicht die Absicht hatte, ihr Versprechen zu erfüllen. Stattdessen versuchten sie, mehr Kontrolle über das Territorium auszuüben, indem sie Dissens unterdrückten und bürgerliche Freiheiten unterdrückten. Die einst lebendige und freie Gesellschaft Hongkongs hat sich zum Gummisiegel der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas entwickelt, deren Redefreiheit der Regierung überlassen ist.
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Tek Ülke İki stem Krizde: Devir Teslimden Bu Yana Hong Kong'un Dönüşümü Yıl 1984, İngiltere ve Çin'in Hong Kong'un kaderini sonsuza dek değiştirecek müzakerelere girdiği tarihte önemli bir an. Çin-İngiliz Ortak Deklarasyonu, bölge üzerindeki İngiliz egemenliğinin sona ermesinin başlangıcını işaret etti ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC) eski sömürge üzerindeki egemenliğini üstlendi. Bununla birlikte, ÇHC, Hong Kong'a önümüzdeki elli yıl boyunca yüksek derecede özerklik ve özyönetim sözü veren'tek ülke - iki sistem "ilkesini uygulamayı kabul etti. Bu ilke, Hong Kong'un kapitalist ekonomisini, hukuk sistemini ve yaşam tarzını Komünist Çin şemsiyesi altında sürdürebilmesini sağlamayı amaçlıyordu. 1997 yılına gelindiğinde, transfer gerçekleşti ve Hong Kong resmen tekrar Çin'in bir parçası oldu. Ancak yıllar geçtikçe, ÇHC'nin sözlerini yerine getirme niyetinde olmadığı ortaya çıktı. Bunun yerine, bölge üzerinde daha fazla kontrol sağlamaya, muhalefeti bastırmaya ve sivil özgürlükleri boğmaya çalıştılar. Hong Kong'un bir zamanlar canlı ve özgür toplumu, konuşma özgürlüğü hükümetin insafına kalmış olan Çin Komünist Partisi'nin lastik damgası haline geldi.
نظام دولة واحدة في أزمة: تحول هونغ كونغ منذ التسليم كان العام 1984، وهي لحظة مهمة في التاريخ عندما دخلت بريطانيا والصين في مفاوضات ستغير مصير هونغ كونغ إلى الأبد. يمثل الإعلان الصيني البريطاني المشترك بداية نهاية الحكم البريطاني على الإقليم، وتولت جمهورية الصين الشعبية السيادة على المستعمرة السابقة. ومع ذلك، وافقت جمهورية الصين الشعبية على تنفيذ مبدأ «دولة واحدة - نظامان»، الذي وعد هونغ كونغ بدرجة عالية من الحكم الذاتي والحكم الذاتي على مدى الخمسين عامًا القادمة. كان الهدف من هذا المبدأ هو ضمان أن تتمكن هونغ كونغ من الحفاظ على اقتصادها الرأسمالي ونظامها القانوني وأسلوب حياتها بينما كانت تحت مظلة الصين الشيوعية. سريعًا إلى عام 1997، تم النقل وأصبحت هونغ كونغ رسميًا جزءًا من الصين مرة أخرى. ولكن مع مرور السنين، أصبح من الواضح أن جمهورية الصين الشعبية لم تكن تنوي الوفاء بوعدها. وبدلاً من ذلك، سعوا إلى ممارسة سيطرة أكبر على الإقليم، وقمع المعارضة وخنق الحريات المدنية. أصبح مجتمع هونغ كونغ النابض بالحياة والحر الختم المطاطي للحزب الشيوعي الصيني، الذي تخضع حريته في التعبير لرحمة الحكومة.

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